三大和歌集歌风嬗变与《新古今和歌集》“幽玄”新风——《新古今和歌集》译本序

Transmutation of Styles in Three Waka Collections and Shin Kokin’s Yūgen Style——Preface to the Translation of Shin Kokin Wakashū

日本文化本质上属于感性的审美文化。要了解日本人与日本文化,必先了解作为日本审美文化之载体的日本文学;要了解日本文学,必先了解日本民族文学的重要样式“物语”与“和歌”(包括俳句);要了解和歌,必先了解《万叶集》《古今和歌集》《新古今和歌集》这三大古典和歌集。它们陆续形成了被称为“万叶风”“古今风”“新古今风”的三种不同歌风,体现了不同历史时代、不同社会阶层的情感取向与审美趣味,并且可以使用“诚”“物哀”“幽玄”三个美学概念分别加以概括。作为一种世界观和美学观的“幽玄”,是《新古今和歌集》和歌“新风”的集中体现,也是和歌及和歌美学高度成熟状态的标志。

The essence of Japanese culture is perceptual aesthetic culture.To understand Japanese and their culture,one must grasp Japanese literature,which is the carrier of Japanese aesthetic culture.To understand Japanese literature,one must study Monogatari and Waka(including Haiku),which are the important patterns of Japanese national literature.To understand Waka,the digesting of the three classical Waka collections,Man’yōshū,Kokinshūand Shin Kokin,is indispensable.They have formed three different Waka styles,namely,Man’yōstyle,Kokin style and Shin Kokin style.They reflect the emotional pursuits and aesthetic tastes of different social classes in different historical times,which can be summarized by the three aesthetic concepts:Makoto,Mono no aware and Yūgen.As a kind of world view and aesthetic concept,yūgen is the concentrated embodiment of the Waka style in Shin Kokin,as well as the symbol of the high maturity of Waka and Waka aesthetics.