从清末三份外国文献看胶东方言舌根音声母的颚化轨迹

Palatalization of Velars in the Jiāodōng Dialects

位于高前元音前的舌根音声母在今胶东方言全部颚化为舌面中音或舌面前音,而清末三份外国文献《官话类编》、A Comparative Study of Northern Chinese Dialects、《德华字典》中则保留了该系音未颚化以及颚化之初的语音情形。以上述三份文献为基础,选取8个代表方言点并对比考察12份现代方言材料,发现该组声母在胶东方言中的颚化时间大致始于19世纪末,颚化时间相对较晚,且颚化程度低,仅颚化至舌面中音。现代胶东方言中,除青岛方言进一步颚化至舌面前音外,其余各地仍处于舌面中音阶段,代表了相对保守的语音类型。舌根音声母在胶东方言中的演变格局反映了语音演变规律以及经济、社会、地缘等外在因素对语音发展的综合影响。

As recently reported,velar initials do not occur before high front vowels i orüin the dialects of the modern Jiāodōng Peninsula.In these dialects,velar initials have become palatalized,resulting in various palatals and palato-velars.However,evidence found in three western transcription sources from the late Qīng Dynasty,A Course of Mandarin Lessons(官话类编by Calvin Wilson Mateer,1892),A Comparative Study of Northern Chinese Dialects(Alfred Forke,1894),and Deutsche Druckerei und Verlagsanstalt(德华字典,by Albrecht Welzel,1902),shows that velars historically appeared before high front vowels in certain instances.These transcriptions reveal the beginning stage of dialect palatalization and the continual process of palatalization from earlier velars to palato-velars and palatals in the Dialects of the Jiāodōng Peninsula.The present paper will attempt to trace and date this process.