论非法放贷入罪范围的限缩路径

On the Way to Limit the Scope of the Crime Related to Illegal Lending

在近年有关非法放贷的司法解释不断完善的背景下,非法放贷行为的入罪范围、认定依据成为学界重点探讨的内容。在放贷行为的违法责任梯度中,对象不特定、放贷人具备营利目的是承担刑事、行政责任的必要条件。为了实现与高利转贷罪的适用平衡、限制行政权对社会危害性评价所产生的影响,非法放贷的入罪范围应当限缩。首先,应放宽"特定对象"的认定标准,限制"不特定对象"的外延。对于亲属关系与单位内部人员身份,不应根据与放贷人的亲疏关系而限缩成立范围。对于朋友关系,不应将基于物质利益而保持交往、通过网络交往的情形完全排除在外。其次,应完善"营利目的"的评价依据,该目的与利率高低、放贷对象是否特定不存在必然联系,应具体结合放贷人的生活来源、谋取高息的手段、担保物的处分价格、违约金高低、放贷行为的组织性予以认定。

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of judicial interpretation of illegal lending,the scope of conviction of illegal lending and the basis for its identification have become the focus of academic discussion. In the gradient of legal liability of lending, it is necessary for the lender to bear criminal and administrative liability that the object is not specific and the lender has the purpose of profit.In order to balance the application of the crime of transferring loan at high interest and limit the impact of administrative power on the evaluation of social harmfulness, the scope of the crime related to illegal lending should be limited. Firstly, we should relax the standard of "specific object", so as to limit the extension of "non specific object". For relationship and identity of internal personnel, the scope of establishment should not be limited according to the intimate relationship with the lender. For friend relationship, we should not exclude the situation of maintaining communication based on material interests or through the network. Secondly, we should improve the evaluation basis of "profit-making purpose". This purpose is not necessarily related to the interest rates and whether the lending object is specific. It should be specific identified in combination with the source of life of the lender, the means of seeking high interest, the disposal price of the collateral, the level of liquidated damages and the organization of the lending.