皇权与科举——明清恩诏科举广额考论

The Expansion of Civil Service Examination Quotas by Imperial Favor in Ming and Qing dynasties

恩诏广额是明清科举考试中因皇帝特恩增加录取的一次性扩招名额。与生员学额和乡会试中额等逐渐成型的定额不同,恩诏广额是介于成型制度、习惯性规则和统治者的自由裁量之间的问题,显示了君主制与科举制的互动。本文旨在考察明清恩诏科举广额制度的原委及其具体实施和调整状况,以及背后因应的重大历史事件,概括恩诏广额的常例、定额和类型,探究明清两朝恩诏科举广额制度的异同与演变,以为进一步探讨明清科举制度的源流递嬗和明清政治异同,提供一特殊的观察视角。

The expansion of civil service examination quotas by imperial favor was an important practice in the Ming and Qing dynasties and it illustrated the interaction between the monarch and the examination system.This article investigates the background,implementation,and the adjustment of examination quotas in the Ming and the Qing Dynasties.The author also compares the regulations,quota amounts,and types of degrees issued in each dynasty to reveal the evolution and differences in their civil examination systems.