煤矿区复垦土壤的生物改良研究进展

Research progress of biological improvement of reclaimed soil in coal mining area

煤炭开采造成了大量的沉陷区及废弃地,亟待进行土地复垦,而土壤改良是土地复垦的关键和基础。我国煤炭开采大多集中于西部干旱半干旱区域,经过采煤扰动后土地极度退化,自然恢复困难,通过人工手段恢复是目前土地复垦主要的研究方向。人工恢复的关键点是对土壤的改良,提高土壤肥力,改善土壤结构,丰富微生物功能群,进而提高人工恢复的效率。综述了生物改良内涵,分析了矿区土壤改良的影响因素,植被恢复和微生物修复对土壤改良的影响,介绍了现代监测方法高光谱遥感对复垦土壤和植被的监测应用情况。总结了目前自然演替及人工演替下土壤性状的变化、影响因素、作用机制,植被、微生物在随复垦时间延长而对土壤改良的贡献,微生物复垦新技术在土地复垦中的应用以及高光谱遥感在土壤和植被的快速无损监测中的应用方法。归纳出植被恢复、微生物群落功能增强与土壤改良是相互促进的,人工复垦能加快植被恢复速率,增加土壤结构优化及养分积累,促进微生物及土壤酶活性。以丛枝菌根真菌为代表的微生物对复垦区植物的生长发育性状有显著的促进作用。微生物技术的应用是高效、低成本人工生态修复的有效手段,高光谱监测已经在土壤质量和植被长势等方面取得广泛应用,对于矿区生态环境的可持续发展具有深远的现实意义。

Coal mining activties have caused serious environmental problems,and a large number of subsidence areas and abandoned areas are in urgent need of reclamation.Soil improvement is the key and basis of land reclamation.Most of China’s coal mining is concentrated in the arid and semi-arid regions of western China.After the coal mining disturbance,the land is extremely degraded and the natural recovery is difficult.The recovery by artificial means is the main research direction. The key points of artificial restoration are the improvement of soil,the improvement of soil fertility,the improvement of soil structure,and the enrichment of microbial functional groups,thereby improving the efficiency of artificial recovery.The article reviews the biological amelioration connotation and the influencing factors of soil improvement in the mining area,the effects of vegetation restoration and microbial restoration on soil improvement,and the monitoring research of soil and vegetation by hyperspectral remote sensing. The authors summarize the current soil changes,influencing factors,and mechanism under natural succession and artificial succession,the changes of vegetation and microorganisms with reclamation and their contribution to soil improvement,the application of microbial technology in land reclamation,and hyperspectral remote sensing application of technology in rapid non-destructive monitoring of soil and vegetation.The results show that the relationship between vegetation restoration,microbial community function,and soil improvement is mutually reinforcing.Artificial reclamation can accelerate the rate of vegetation restoration,thereby increasing the optimization of soil structure and nutrient accumulation,and promoting the activity of microorganisms and soil enzymes.Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi represented by mycorrhizal fungi can significantly promote the growth and physiological characteristics of plants in the reclamation area.The application of microbial technology is an effective and efficient means of artificial ecological restoration.Hyperspectral technology has been widely used in soil quality and vegetation growth,which has far-reaching practical significance for the sustainable development of the ecological environment in mining areas.