周公的神圣超越世界及其权力话语——《尚书·金縢》的政治哲学解读

Duke of Zhou's“external transcendence”and its power of discourses:a political philosophical analysis of The Book of History

孔子的“轴心突破”使儒家开始走向“内在超越”,其所突破的正是周公所尊奉的“外在超越”的神圣世界,堪称“周孔之变”。这是因为这个神圣世界为世俗权力所垄断,事实上丧失了对权力的规训制约作用。这在《尚书·金縢》里有一个集中的体现,即周公的两个世界——“礼”的世俗世界与“天”的超越世界之间的关系:世俗权力凭借两种话语,即祭祀与龟卜,请托祖先神,最终影响操控至上神的“天意”。因此,对于儒家来说,“圣”与“王”的分离、神圣超越者的内在化,就是抗衡权力、争夺神圣话语权的必然选择。

Confucius made“axial breakthroughs”by giving up the“external transcendence”proposed by the Duke of Zhou which marked the turn to“immanent transcendence”,for the reason that the world was controlled by the absolute temporal powers.The evidence was the relationship between the earthly world of“Li”and the heavenly world of“Tian”in The Book of History.Absolute temporal powers were supported by two kinds of discourses:sacrifices and divination.To Confucianism,the separation of“Sage”from“King”is the inevitable choice to take power and fight for the power of discourse.