从“回娘家”到“联谊会”:外嫁女的“报”与新宗族主义的兴起

From “Visiting Their Families” to “Forming Associations”:Married Daughters’ “ Repatriation” and the Emergence of New Familism

本文以对粤北甘姓宗族村庄的田野调查为基础,研究近年流行于华南和东南地区的"外嫁女联谊会"。这一新的社会组织形态是新宗族主义背景下外嫁女与村庄共谋互惠的结果。研究发现,新宗族主义的兴起,改变了以往以男性为中心的组织形式,基于平等、自愿的同宗女性成员之间的联合成为可能。外嫁女回报娘家村庄的初衷,使外嫁女、宗亲网络、村庄三者之间构成一种"报"的循环机制。在这个过程中,村庄借助外嫁女连带群体,间接获得更多公共服务和资源,降低了正式制度的运行成本,形成一种新的乡村再组织方式。最后讨论新宗族的"里"与"表",新宗族主义是传统宗族一脉相承的延续,呈现出适应时代发展和社会变迁的弹性。

Based on the field studies of the Gan’s Village in northern Guangdong,this paper investigates the increasing popularity of married daughters’ associations in south and southeast China in the recent two years. These associations are potentially born out of negotiations between married daughters and their adopted villages,into which they have been married,for sake of mutual benefits,giving rise to a new familism. This study finds that a new familism emerges while changes in the male dominated traditional lineage makes it possible for women in the lineage to form associations on an equitable and voluntary basis. Daughters’ initial intentions for remittances to their"Niangjia,"namely,their birth villages,ultimately promote the cyclical mechanism of"reciprocity"among married daughters,lineage networks and villages. In this process,villages can indirectly obtain more public services and resources,reduce the operating costs of the formal system,and achieve a new style of organization. Finally,the new familism is rising as an extension of the elasticity of the traditional lineage upon adapting to social changes of the times.