价值特征要素认定在世界文化遗产申报与管理中的应用与发展

The Application and Development of Attributes Identification in the Nomination and Management of World Cultural Heritage

价值特征要素(attributes)这一术语自2001年开始逐渐被国际古迹遗址理事会(ICOMOS)运用在对文化遗产申遗项目的评估报告中,并于2005年被《实施世界公约操作指南》引用。与其他相关术语相比,价值特征要素更明确地建立起价值与要素特征之间的逻辑关系,因此在世界遗产自然与文化的交织、物质与非物质的融合过程中逐渐成为评估和认定文化遗产突出普遍价值时普遍使用的术语。2019年,ICOMOS开始在评估报告中进一步规范了对申报文化遗产项目价值特征要素认定评估环节。文章回顾了价值特征要素这一概念在世界遗产相关政策文件、缔约国遗产申报和定期报告等技术文件以及咨询机构评估报告中被运用的过程,评估分析此概念和工作方法在世界遗产体系中的成熟状态。根据对这些文件相关内容的统计分析,指出价值特征要素的概念尚有很多不确定性,官方文件对工作方法的指引还较为简化和单一,很多来自遗产地的有益实践经验未被及时吸收借鉴,在应对世界遗产的多样性和复杂性上仍有局限性。特别是在遗产申报、评估和大会决议的一系列过程中,相关技术标准、规则不够明确,导致价值特征要素认定还未在遗产申报阶段切实起到加强以价值为核心保护逻辑的作用。对其概念的清晰定义和全面阐释、技术方法的总结归纳和推广,以及相关决策流程的规则的细化,都是亟待完善的工作。

The term "attributes" has been gradually used by ICOMOS in the evaluation report for cultural heritage nomination dossier since 2001, and first appeared in the Operational Guideline in 2005. Compared with other related terms, "attributes" more clearly establishes the logical relationship between value and component characteristics. Therefore, in the process of interweaving natural and cultural heritage and integrating tangible and intangible heritage, it gradually becomes a commonly used term in identifying cultural heritage OUV. In 2019, ICOMOS began to further standardize the evaluation of "attributes" in the evaluation report. This article reviews the application of the concept of "attributes" in World Heritage policy documents, nomination dossiers and periodic reports, as well as in advisory bodies’ evaluation reports, and assesses the maturity of the concept and working methods in the world heritage system. Based on the statistical analysis of the relevant contents of these documents, it is pointed out that there is still a lot of uncertainty in the concept of attributes, the guidance on working methods in official documents is still relatively simple, useful practical experiences from heritage sites are not learned in time, and there are still limitations in dealing with the diversity and complexity of world heritage sites. In particular, in the process of heritage nomination, evaluation and final decision, relevant technical standards and rules are not clear enough, leading to the fact that the attributes identification has not effectively strengthened the value-centered protection logic in the heritage nomination stage. The clear definition and comprehensive interpretation of its concepts, the summarization and promotion of technical methods, and the refinement of the rules of relevant decision-making process need to be urgently improved.