善为什么会变成恶--阿多诺对康德启蒙道德的分析及其启示

Why Good becomes Evil--Adorno’s Analysis of Kant’s Enlightenment Morality and its Inspiration

阿多诺认为,康德的绝对命令是资本主义社会市场规律内化的结果。所谓自由就是自律,就是按照市场原则进行自由交换。如果康德那里的自由可以被理解为不自由,那么康德那里的道德也可以转变成为不道德。阿多诺把康德与萨德加以对比,从多方面指出了康德与萨德的一致性。而这种外在的一致性背后包含内在的一致性。这种内在的一致性表现在康德和萨德所确立的理性原则都是否定自然的。康德从否定自然中得到道德原则,萨德从否定自然中得到他自己的道德原则,而这两种道德原则完全对立。由此,我们可以得出结论,我们把肉体和精神对立起来,在恐惧我们自身的自然的基础上得到道德规则,那么无论这种道德规则是什么,它都一定会是不道德的。现代资本主义社会把从人类文明一开始就出现的恐惧自然的文化心理推到极端。资本主义社会矛盾以及它对待自然的矛盾态度会使任何一种道德走向自己的反面。

Adorno believed that Kant’s absolute imperative was the result of the internalization of the capitalist social market law.The so-called freedom was autonomy,which meant the free exchange according to market principle.If freedom in Kant’s theory could be understood as unfree,then his morality could also be transformed into immorality.Adorno had compared Kant with Sade and pointed out the consistency between Kant and Sade from many respects.And behind this external consistency included internal consistency.This internal consistency was manifested in the fact that the rational principles established by Kant and Sade denied the natural.Kant and Sade both got moral principles from denying nature,but these two moral principles were completely opposite.From this we could reach a conclusion that if we think that body and spirit as contradictory,if we get our moral law on the base of negation of nature,then no matter what the moral law is,it necessarily is evil.Modern capitalist society has pushed the cultural mental state which could be traced back to beginning of civilization to extreme.The contradiction of capitalist society and its contradictory position to nature make any moral law have the possibility of going to its opposite.