文学他国化与“变文格义”:隋唐佛学中的变异思想

Domestic Appropriation of Literature And “Bianwen Geyi”: Variation Thoughts in Buddhism of Sui and Tang Dynasties

变异学的重要创新理论之一,是文学他国化研究。"变文"是伴随着佛教中国化、世俗化的进程出现的一种说唱题材的通俗文学作品。它作为中国古代文明与印度文明互鉴与交流的成功实践,是异质文明之间相互对话碰撞,并最终在文学观念上融合创新的产物,是变异学的重要案例。"格义"是产生于中国佛教史上的概念,其基本含义是指汉魏两晋时期一些佛教学者用中国本土固有的思想去比附印度佛教概念的方法。本文拟通过分析"变文"与"格义"中蕴藏的变异思想,以论证隋唐佛学中的"他国化"变异在碰撞交流的基础之上催发新的文化现象,从而论证"他国化"不仅能解决历史上的中国文学如何实现"中国化"的重大现实问题,而且能促进文明互鉴、文化的碰撞交流与文化创新。

One of the important innovative theories of variation is the domestic appropriation of literature. Accompanying the process of the sinicization and secularization of Buddhism,Bianwen emerges as a kind of popular literary works with alternate prose and rhymed parts for recitation and singing. As a successful practice of mutual learning and exchange between ancient Chinese civilization and Indian civilization,it is the product of the integration and innovation in literary concept based on the dialogue and collision between heterogeneous civilizations,which is a significant case of variation theory. Originating in the history of Chinese Buddhism,Geyi refers to the method that some Buddhist scholars in the Han,Wei and Jin Dynasties compared the Indian Buddhist concepts with the native Chinese thoughts. Through the analysis of the variation thought contained in Bianwen and Geyi,this paper intends to demonstrate that the domestic appropriation in Buddhism of Sui and Tang dynasties prompts the new cultural phenomenon on the basis of collision and exchange. Thus,it can be proved that domestic appropriation can not only solve the major practical problems of how to realize sinicization of Chinese literature in the history;but also promote the mutual learning between civilizations and cultural collision,exchange and innovation.