关于“戏剧性”问题的再思考

Rethinking“Theatricality”

反思近四十年来我国学界关于"戏剧性"问题的种种讨论,发现有些认识亟需澄清。首先,"戏剧性"并不等于"戏剧艺术的特性",而至少具有"作为戏剧特性的戏剧性""作为戏剧属性的戏剧性""作为审美属性的戏剧性""作为生活用语的戏剧性"等四个义项;它们各有所指,如果混淆其差异则会带来很多混乱。其次,"作为戏剧特性的戏剧性"主要指"现场扮演性";"作为戏剧属性的戏剧性"是一个开放的概念,其内涵随着戏剧艺术的发展不断有所变化,可以具有"假定性""摹仿性""集中性""整一性""幻觉性""抒情性""叙事性""展示性""交流性""冲突性""表演性""游戏性""仪式性"等多重意涵;"作为审美属性的戏剧性"则有着比较稳定的内涵,主要指"在主客相遇时所构成的审美场中缘构发生的一种既扣人心弦又出人意外的性质或关系性存在",因而与"紧张感""意外感""震惊感"等审美经验密切相关。第三,"作为戏剧属性的戏剧性"相对偏于客观,其自身既向几乎所有艺术样式开放,又孕育着新的艺术样式;"作为审美属性的戏剧性"相对偏于主观,其根底在于人的自由本性与共通感。若合而言之,则"戏剧性"最终指向艺术存在的根据与价值。

While reflecting on the Chinese academic discussions of"theatricality"in the past 40 years,certain thoughts need clarification. First of all,"theatricality"is not equal to"the features of theatre art". It contains four layers of meaning: "theatricality as the features of theatre art","theatricality as the theatric attribute", "theatricality as the aesthetic attribute ", and"theatricality as the daily expression". Firstly,each layer of meaning has its own points and blurring the distinction between them brings about a lot of confusion. Secondly,"theatricality as the features of theatre art"mainly refers to"live acting". "Theatricality as the theatric attribute"is an open concept,its connotation changing constantly with the development of theatre arts,meaning,for example,"assumption","imitation","concentricity","integrity","illusion","lyricism", "narrative", "display", "communication", "conflict", "performance ","gameplay"and "ritual". With a relatively stable connotation,"theatricality as the aesthetic attribute"mainly refers to "an exciting and unexpected nature or relational existence in the aesthetic field formed by the encounter of subject and object",which is thus closely related to aesthetic experiences such as"tension","surprise"and"shock". Thirdly,"theatricality as the theatric attribute"is a relatively objective concept,which not only is almost open to all the artistic styles,but also breeds new artistic styles,while "theatricality as the aesthetic attribute " is relatively subjective,rooted in human freedom and common sense. In a nutshell,"theatricality"finally points to the basis and value of arts.