北宋漕官制度的静态表达与实态运行

The Expression and Reality of the Canal Official System in the Northern Song Dynasty

北宋运河漕官制度完备且复杂。从中央到地方建立了完整的漕官体制,为漕运发展提供了组织保障,并针对官员构建了奖罚结合、刚柔并济的法律制度,形成北宋漕官制度的静态表达。北宋运河漕官制度为国家所急需,利及民生,解决了北宋初期的漕运难题。然而,北宋漕官体制及相关法律随着漕运的发展,出现一些问题:转运使职能固化,发运使兴废频繁,转运与发运官员职责混同,引起漕运中的诸多不便;相关法律过于繁杂,不辨轻重缓急,最终导致官纪败坏。漕官制度的溃坏,与北宋后期重漕轻民互为表里,这也是运河漕运制度最终衰落的主要原因。

The canal official system of the Northern Song Dynasty was complete and complex.The central and local canal official system provided an organizational guarantee for the development of water transport of grain to the capital.In view of the possible problems of officials the legal system combining rewards and punishments with rigor and softness,formed a static expression of the Canal officials system in the Northern Song Dynasty.The canal officials system of the Northern Song Dynasty was urgently needed by the state,which benefited people’s livelihood and solved the problem of grain transportation in the early period of the Northern Song Dynasty.However,with the development of the official system and related laws in the northern song dynasty,some problems appeared in practice:the function of transshipment officer solidified the post of dispatching officer frequently established and cancelled, and the duties of transshipment officer and dispatching officer mixed,which resulted in many inconveniences in the water transport of grain.The related laws are too complicated,not distinguish priorities,and the legal system is unstable,which eventually leads to the corruption of official discipline.The collapse of the canal official system and the excessive grain transport in the late Northern Song Dynasty interacted which formed the main reason for the decline of the grain transport system.