美国次级经济制裁:发展趋势与常用对策

US Secondary Economic Sanctions:Trends and Countermeasures

次级经济制裁是主导制裁国对那些与原始被制裁国存在经济联系的第三方所实施的制裁。过去十多年,美国次级经济制裁使用“常态化”,在实施过程中极为重视金融手段,已经造成重大国际政治经济影响。各大经济体主要采取四种策略予以应对:“制裁预阻”“遵守阻却”“国际裁决”和“技术规避”。然而,这些策略对各国企业和公民提供的保护有限,无法根本性地阻止美国滥用次级经济制裁及其负面影响。受美国国内形势变化和偶发国际事件的影响,当今各经济体有效应对美国次级制裁的难度明显变大。克服这种困难离不开国际合作,也需要各大经济体加快改革,尽早形成切实可行的反制力量。

Secondary economic sanctions are restrictive measures taken by a country initiating the sanctions against third-party countries that keep doing business with the primary target.In the past decade,the United States used secondary economic sanctions with a high frequency and highly valued financial power,all of which had an important impact on international relations and world economy.Four countermeasures,preventing,blocking,international arbitration and technical evasion,had been taken by the other major economies,but they could only provide little protection for their citizens and companies.Due to the changes in US’domestic situation and occurrences of accidental events,it is much harder for the other economies to cope with US secondary economic sanctions.More international cooperation among and domestic reforms of those economies are needed to effectively resolve the US’secondary economic sanctions.