黑龙江流域鄂温克族的来源、部落族群与社会结构——基于北方丝绸之路文化带的研究

The Origin,Tribal Groups and Social Structure of Ewenki People in Heilongjiang Valley--Based on the Study of the Northern Silk Road of Cultural (Reindeer tribe) Belt

埃文基人迁徙到黑龙江中上游右岸后,分化成鄂温克的不同部落族群,形成了文化上有所区别的三个次级部落族群"索伦人""通古斯人"和"雅库特人"(使鹿部)。这三个鄂温克部落族群南迁以前属于同一个地域族群,拥有大致共同的语言和文化,这个地域族群不是政治共同体,也不是统一的部落联盟,但由于拥有相似的文化而自称为"鄂温克"(埃文基)。鄂温克族是一个在黑龙江流域中上游具有重要影响的部落族群集团。在国家职能没有完全介入前,还不能说是一个具有明确自我认同的民族,在此前鄂温克族还不是一个具有自我政治认同的民族共同体。从文化角度而言,原始社会末期的文化是这一部落族群集团的主要特征,只是从近代开始,国家职能的介入改变了这一特征,出现了多样化的变异,这在现今黑龙江两岸的鄂温克族(埃文基人)得以体现。特别是部分南迁黑龙江右岸的鄂温克族,这种文化变异更为明显,通古斯鄂温克族从事了牧业,而部分索伦鄂温克族从事了农业。研究鄂温克族的历史变异情况,特别是文化的变化过程,是鄂温克(埃文基)部落族群研究的重要课题。

The Evenki are divided into different tribal groups in Evenki after they migrate to the right bank of the middle and upper reaches of Heilongjiang,forming three culturally different sub-tribal groups,namely "Soren","Tungusian" and "Yakutian".Before the three Evenki tribes move south,they belong to the same regional ethnic group,and possess roughly the same language and culture.This (Reindeer tribe) regional ethnic group is not a political community or a unified tribal alliance,but claims itself Evenki because of its similar culture.Evenki is an important tribal group in the middle and upper reaches of the Heilongjiang river basin.Before the state functions are fully involved,it cannot be said that the Evenki nationality has a clear self-identity,because it is not yet an ethnic community with their own political identity.From the cultural point of view,the culture at the end of the primitive society is the main feature of this tribal group.However,since modern times,the intervention of state functions changes this feature and make it present diversified variations,which are reflected in the Evenki people on both sides of Heilongjiang.This cultural variation is more obvious after some Evenki people move south to the right bank of Heilongjiang province.Tungusian Evenki people engage in animal husbandry,while some of the Soren Evenki people engage in agriculture.It is an important topic to study the historical variation of Evenki,especially the process of cultural change.