美国学校道德教育的发展进路

The Approaches to the Development of Moral Education in American Schools

21世纪以来,美国学校道德教育发展逐渐从"理论牵引"转向了"实践驱动",对新品格教育的质疑和批评日渐激烈,对道德发展的非理性因素更趋关注,更加注重道德教育的问题导向、项目拉动、分类施策,形成三条发展进路。第一条进路是从道德认知到情感能力培养的发展,主要体现为基于道德认知发展的建构主义理论和实践饱受质疑,道德教育立足点从道德认知转向情感培养,兴起了侧重学生情感发展的"社会情感学习项目"。第二条进路是从消极惩罚到积极行为支持的发展,将道德教育的着力点从结果式消极惩罚转向预防式的积极行为支持,侧重帮助学生养成积极正向的行为习惯,兴起了"积极行为干预和支持项目"。第三条进路是从个体道德到社会关系修复的发展,将道德教育的落脚点从单纯的个体道德养成转向了社会关系修复,注重在司法范畴之外寻求教育干预之道,兴起了"恢复性司法项目"。这三条进路拓展了美国学校道德教育的理论空间和实践边界,助推解决现阶段美国青少年道德发展的突出问题,同时也面临着相应的不足和缺陷。

Since the 21 st century,moral education in American schools has gradually shifted from being "theory-led" to being "practice-driven." There being increasing doubts and criticisms on new character education,people tend to pay more attention to the irrational factors of moral development,as well as the problems arising from moral education,relevant projects and countermeasures,and three approaches have come into existence. First,the development from moral cognition to the cultivation of emotional ability:doubts were cast on constructivism and its practice based on the development of moral cognition,the standpoint of moral education shifted from moral cognition to emotional development,and this triggered the Social and Emotional Learning Program,which emphasized students’ emotional development.Second,the development from negative punishment to the support of positive behavior:the focus of moral education changed from the result-based negative punishment to the support of prevention-based positive behavior,students were helped to develop positive behavioral habits,and this led to the "Positive Behavior Intervention and Support Program." Third,the shift from individual morality to the repair of social relations:moral education changed from the mere cultivation of individual morality to the repair of social relations,attention was paid to seeking educational interventions outside justice,and this resulted in the "Restorative Justice Project." These three approaches,which have expanded the theory and practice of moral education in American schools,help to solve the salient problems facing the moral development of American teenagers at the current stage,but they have their own deficiencies.