论民事诉讼中重新鉴定乱象的治理--以《民事诉讼证据规定》(2019版)为契机

On management of chaos in reappraisals in civil litigation--Based on evidence rules in civil proceedings(2019 Edition)

司法鉴定意见是民事诉讼领域重要的科学证据。开展鉴定活动时,司法鉴定人有可能因程序性或技术性问题而向法庭出具有问题的鉴定,导致当事人的合法权益受损。重新鉴定作为问题鉴定的救济路径之一,是严重问题鉴定的高端技术性解决方案。法官与当事人不恰当使用重新鉴定手段来纠正问题鉴定,是引发民事诉讼中重新鉴定乱象的内因。而司法鉴定的行政管理与诉讼规则博弈所导致的管理盲区的出现,则是引发重新鉴定乱象的外因。《民事诉讼证据规定》(2019版)为重新鉴定乱象的治理带来了契机。一方面,通过"提出异议-书面答复-鉴定人出庭"的鉴定异议疏导路径,使重新鉴定回归恰当的救济地位;另一方面,基于"初次鉴定、庭审质证、重新鉴定"构建多元化的问题鉴定管理路径。这种合理的问题鉴定分流管理模式,不仅有望有效治理既往的重新鉴定乱象,而且即将打破知识壁垒、实现庭审实质化。

Forensic science report, as scientific evidence, plays an important role in civil litigations. When an appraisal is conducted, judicial appraisers may issue inadequate forensic reports to the court due to procedural or technical issues, resulting damages to legitimate rights and interests of the parties. As one of the remedy paths for inadequate appraisal, reappraisal is a high-end technical solution for problematic appraisals with serious issues. The internal cause of the chaos on reappraisal in civil litigation is the inappropriate reappraisal initiations made by the judge and the parties for corrections. While the external cause is the blind spot of management caused by conflicts between administrative management of judicial expertise and litigation rules. The newly updated Evidence Rules in Civil Proceedings brought us opportunities to the effectively solve the chaos in reappraisals. On the one hand, the reappraisal returns to appropriate status of the remedy through the path of "Objection – Reply in writing – Appraisers’ appearance in courtroom". On the other hand, a multi-management of forensic science activities is built based on the path of "First appraisal – Cross-examination at trial – Reappraisal". This reasonable diversion management mode to inadequate reappraisal is not only expected to effectively solve the previous reappraisal chaos, but also to break the knowledge barrier and realize the substantiation of trial centralism.