低碳经济战略视角下碳排放交易市场研究

Carbon Emissions Trading Market from the Perspective of Low Carbon Economy Strategy

全国统一的碳排放权交易市场建设的框架设计宗旨是,以更少资源消耗和环境代价获得更多产出,实现减排目标。如何通过全国碳市场的建立推动能源结构优化,倒逼产业优化,实现节能减排目标是目前全国市场设计的关键。通过比较京津两地试点市场的表现数据,说明行业总额核定、覆盖范围、配额分配方式是如何影响碳交易市场表现;通过两地试点电力市场履约情况验证政策体系与市场健康程度以及碳价格水平的关联性。关注在全国统一碳市场建设框架下,以市场制度体系建设、MRV条例、法律框架为基础支撑,如何做到分阶段、分步骤实施逐步推进的方式,通过经济手段和市场实现减排。从京津两地市场的表现看,覆盖范围和行业门槛设定影响市场主体的数量;配额总量设定和配额分配方式影响市场交易量;受多重因素影响的交易价格和流动性表现各异;项目抵消机制的设计进一步影响交易品种和成交情况。各试点市场运行以来取得积极成效的同时,也反映出市场主体偏少,交易活跃度有待提升等一系列问题。京津同为试点相距不远,交易量和配额成交价等表现却不相同的原因,是各自地区在覆盖范围设计、碳配总量设计和分配方式等因素的共同作用的结果。基于我国产业结构的实际情况,全国碳交易市场的设计应借鉴其他国家和地区的经验,进一步完善顶层设计,增强市场自身效率;结合国家发展规划综合考虑,采取分阶段、渐进式行业覆盖策略;在适度偏紧总量目标前提下,优化配额分配方式,逐步提高有偿分配的比例;增加交易品种,尝试碳排放交易、碳税项目抵消机制组合实施的可操作性;鼓励碳金融创新,最大程度发挥市场的减排效应。从长远地看,碳交易市场会对我国的经济结构和企业产生深远的影响,是我国完成减排任务,走经济可持续发展道路的必然选择。合理的碳价格、活跃以及有规模的市场是发挥其节能减排作用的关键。

The framework for the construction of a unified national carbon trading market is designed to achieve the emission reduction target by generating more output at less resource consumption and environmental costs.How to promote the optimization of energy structure through the establishment of the national carbon market,push the industry to optimize,and achieve the goal of energy saving and emission reduction is the key to the current national market design.By comparing the performance data of the pilot markets in Beijing and Tianjin,this paper explains how the total amount ratifying of the industry,the coverage and the allocation of quotas affect the performance of the carbon trading market.The paper verifies the correlation among the policy system,market health and carbon price level through the performance of the two pilot electricity markets.Moreover,the paper focuses on how to implement step-by-step measures to reduce emissions through economic means and markets under the framework of national unified carbon market construction,and under the support of market system construction,MRV regulations and legal framework.From the performance of Beijing and Tianjin markets,coverage and industry threshold setting affect the number of market subjects;quota total setting and quota allocation mode affect market trading volume;transaction price and liquidity performance affected by multiple factors are different;the design of project offset mechanism further affects transaction variety and transaction situation.Although significant results have been achieved since the operation of the pilot markets,a series of problems are reflected,such as the small number of market subjects and the need to improve transaction vitality.Beijing and Tianjin are the same pilot markets and not far away from each other,but the trading volume and quota transaction price performances are different.The reason is the result of the joint action coverage design,total carbon distribution design and distribution mode in each region.Based on the actual situation of China's industrial structure,the design of the national carbon trading market should draw lessons from the experience of other countries and regions,further improve the top-level design and enhance the efficiency of the market itself.Taking into account the comprehensive consideration of the national development plan,the strategy of phased and gradual industry coverage is suggested to take.It is suggested to optimize the allocation of quotas and gradually increase the proportion of paid allocation under the premise of moderately tightening the total amount target.It is advisable to increase the variety of transactions,try the operability of the combined implementation of carbon emissions trading and carbon tax project offset mechanism,encourage carbon finance innovation,and maximize the market emission reduction effect.In the long run,the carbon trading market will have a profound impact on the economic structure and enterprises of China and is an inevitable choice for China to complete the task of reducing emissions and take the road of sustainable economic development.Reasonable carbon prices,vitality and large-scale markets are key to energy conservation and emission reduction.