兵主“蚩尤”探究

A Textual Research on War Hero“Chi You”

齐国军事祭祀中,最有特点的就是对兵主“蚩尤”的祭祀。从文化人类学的视角来看,蚩尤成为中国的战神,反映了战神从自然崇拜到人神崇拜的转变。蚩尤的形象在先秦文献中并不固定,在春秋及以前以负面形象居多,战国时在齐、楚、秦等国文献中多以正面形象出现。蚩尤形象的变化与当时社会政治、文化相关,而其形象的变化正是蚩尤成为齐国兵主的主要原因。战国后期齐国祭祀蚩尤于平陆,与战国中后期齐国面临的国际形势以及平陆的特殊位置有关。秦始皇、刘邦推崇蚩尤,也与秦楚二地与东夷的关系以及秦楚文化有关。后世蚩尤与避兵的联系,当是源于先秦将蚩尤视为兵主、武器发明者,后人遂将蚩尤作为战神崇拜。

In the military sacrifice in the State of Qi,the sacrifice to the war hero“Chi You”was the most characteristic one.From the perspective of the cultural anthropology,Chi You became the God of war in China,having reflected the shift of the God of War from the worship for nature to the worship for man and God.The image of Chi You was not fixed in the documents in the Pre-Qin Dynasty.His image was mostly negative in the Spring and Autumn Period and before,but was mostly positive in the documents of the states of Qi,Chu and Qin in the Warring States Period.The change of Chi You’s image was correlated to the social politics and culture at that time,and this was the main reason why Chi You became the war hero of the State of Qi.The sacrifice to Chi You was conducted mainly in Pinglu in the late Warring States Period,which was related to the international situation and the special location of Pinglu.The First Emperor of Qin and Liu Bang praised Chi You highly,which was also related to the relationship between Qin and Chu and Dongyi as well as Qin culture and Chu culture.The connection between Chi You and dispelling soldiers in the later generations was due to the fact that Chi You was regarded as the war hero and the inventor of weapons in the Pre-Qin Period.Chi You was worshipped as the God of War by the later generations.