应对气候的城市设计——以吉达老城为例

Climate Responsive Urban Design:Case Study of Jeddah,Saudi Arabia

吉达位处红海东海岸,这一地理位置使它自古以来一直处于湿热气候的环境之下。这样的气候条件,再加上它作为通往圣城麦加的门户地位,导致当地的城市规划主要围绕两点原则来逬行:一是伊斯兰教习俗,二是力图在极端环境下为人类提供最大的舒适感。从伊斯兰教义角度来看,吉达的城市设计做到了不伤害邻人、尊重路权、保障私密性以及保护财产权的原则。从气候的角度看,吉达城市里使用了大量增强人体舒适感的技术,比如利用热虹吸效应在城市中形成风道,同时尽可能减少直接光照。从住宅建筑设计来看,尽管没有空调,但当地建造者们数百年来经过不断试验获得的经验原则,却能够为使用者带来最大程度的热舒适性。

Jeddah's positioning on the east coast of the Red Sea has invited extreme temperatures and humidity for centuries.These conditions,coupled with Jeddah's role as Makkah's gateway,have created norms of urban design around both Islamic custom and design principles of comfort in an inhospitable environment.From the Islamic perspective,urban design in Jeddah served to avoid harm to neighbors,respect the right of way,ensure privacy,and protect property rights.From the perspective of climate,Jeddah's urban layout is replete with comfort-enhancing techniques,such as by exploiting the thermosyphonic effect to funnel breezes through the city while minimizing direct sunlight.Furthermore,regardless of the absence of air conditioners,the residential architecture that was developed over centuries of trial and error have retained design principles that provided maximum thermal comfort for their resident.