美国史学界关于内战记忆研究述评

A Review on the Study of the Civil War Memory in the Academia of American Historians

书写内战史有助于美国人内战记忆的形成,记忆的调整又推动着内战叙事的演变。通过南部老兵与妇女的努力,“失去的事业”从一种地方记忆上升为民族记忆。从20世纪开始,这种南部记忆主导了美国史学界对内战史的书写。直到越战后期,学界才从社会文化与政治需要的角度剖析“失去的事业”记忆的兴起及其影响,其研究对象主要为群体记忆、英雄记忆,以战场旧址、军事公墓及其纪念碑为中心的有形记忆场。因服务于国家重聚与民族和解之需,存在多种面相的“联邦事业”记忆被美国人长时期遗忘。直到20世纪80年代末,为突出黑人对美国历史的贡献,学界开始重新评析这一强调联邦统一与解放黑人的内战记忆。总之,美国学界对内战记忆的探究总体遵循“失去的事业”与“联邦事业”这两种叙事路径,但其研究并未完全摆脱意识形态的干扰。从21世纪开始,内战记忆史的研究逐步走向了多元社会化的发展方向。

The writing of the Civil War history contributes to the formation of the Civil War memory,and the adjustment of the memory promotes the evolution of the Civil War writing.Through the efforts of Southern veterans and women,‘Lost Cause’rose from a local memory to a national one.It was not until the late stage of the Vietnam War that scholars analysed the rise and influence of‘Lost Cause’memory from the perspectives of social,cultural and political needs.Their research objects focused on group memory,hero memory and tangible memory fields concerned with the former battlefield sites,military cemeteries and monuments.The multifaceted‘Union Cause’memory had long been forgotten by Americans in the service of national reunion and reconciliation.In the late 1980s,in order to highlight the contribution of the black people to the American history,scholars began to re-evaluate such Civil War memory,which emphasized the national reunification and the emancipation of the blacks.Therefore,the study of the Civil War memory in the American academia generally follows two research paths of‘Lost Cause’and‘Union Cause’,while not being completely free from the interference of ideology.From the beginning of the 21st century,the research on the history of the Civil War memory gradually moved towards the direction of multiple socialization.