Probabilistic forecasting based on ensemble forecasts and EMOS method for TGR inflow

Probabilistic inflow forecasts can quantify the uncertainty involved in the forecasting process and provide useful risk information for reservoir management.This study proposed a probabilistic inflow forecasting scheme for the Three Gorges Reservoir(TGR)at 1-3 d lead times.The post-processing method Ensemble Model Output Statistics(EMOS)is used to derive probabilistic inflow forecasts from ensemble inflow forecasts.Considering the inherent skew feature of the inflow series,lognormal and gamma distributions are used as EMOS predictive distributions in addition to conventional normal distribution.Results show that TGR's ensemble inflow forecasts at 1-3 d lead times perform well with high model efficiency and small mean absolute error.Underestimation of forecasting uncertainty is observed for the raw ensemble inflow forecasts with biased probability integral transform(PIT)histograms.The three EMOS probabilistic forecasts outperform the raw ensemble forecasts in terms of both deterministic and probabilistic performance at 1-3 d lead times.The EMOS results are more reliable with much flatter PIT histograms,coverage rates approximate to the nominal coverage 89.47%and satisfactory sharpness.Results also show that EMOS with gamma distribution is superior to normal and lognormal distributions.This research can provide reliable probabilistic inflow forecasts without much variation of TGR5s operational inflow forecasting procedure.