德国《人民法典》体系及其背后民法思想的去潘得克吞化

The System of German“People’s Code”and Its Civil LawIdeology of De-Pandektenization

纳粹执政时期的德国起草了一部《人民法典》试图取代《德国民法典》,大批当时的德国法学精英参与了起草工作,得出了一个采用八编制的草案,它由于纳粹德国的军事失败没有成为法律。一方面,它体现了纳粹的以种族主义和集体主义为特征的法观念,另一方面,它也体现了当时德国民法思想的进步:即抛弃潘得克吞体系,让民法体系更贴近实际生活,为此,取消了总则、拆散了债法、放弃了物权概念、实行广义民商合一、采用人前物后的叙事顺序。《人民法典》与1942年《意大利民法典》互相影响,共同反映了当时的民法思潮。纳粹倒台后,战胜国把过时的《德国民法典》强加给战后的德国,当年批判这一法典的《人民法典》的起草者为了生计赞誉它,不必当真。《德国民法典》及其潘得克吞体系不值得盲目崇拜。热爱抽象思辨并非所有德国人的习性,过分抽象也并非立法上的善。

During the Nazi period,Germany drafted a“People’s Code”in an attempt to replace the“German Civil Code”.A large number of German legal elites participated in the drafting work at the time,resulting in a draft prepared by eight parts.It didn’t go into effect due to Nazi Germany’s military failure.On the one hand,it embodies the Nazi’s legal concepts characterized by racism and collectivism.On the other hand,it also reflects the progress of German civil law at the time:abandoning the Pandekten system and bringing the civil law system closer to actual life.To this end,the general rules were abolished,the debt law was disassembled,the concept of real rights was abandoned,the broader unification of Civil Law and Commercial Law was adopted,and the narrative sequence of“personal right first and real right second”was adopted.The“People’s Code”and the“Italy Civil Code”of 1942 interacted with each other and reflected the current trend of civil law together.After the fall of the Nazis,the victorious nations imposed the already outdated“German Civil Code”on post-war Germany.The drafters of the“People’s Code”that criticized the code at that time praised it for their livelihood and did not need to take it seriously.The“German Civil Code”and its Pandekten system are not worthy of blind worship.The devotion to abstract thinking is not the habit of all Germans,and excessive abstraction is not conducive to legislation.