亚太防台减灾中国主要贡献概述

Overview of the Chinese contributions on typhoon-related disaster reduction for Asia-Pacific region

热带气旋(西北太平洋地区称为台风)位居全球十大自然灾害之首,西北太平洋是台风活动最活跃的区域,生成于此的台风年均约占全球的1/3[1].西北太平洋区域各国和地区饱受台风侵袭,单个台风造成数十亿美元直接经济损失的例子时有发生,因灾情严重而被除名(永久命名)的台风每年都有[2].防台减灾受到亚太地区各国各地政府的共同关注,技术交流和信息共享由来已久.早在1880年,上海徐家汇观象台便通过书信的方式与马尼拉等当时全球54个气象台建立了气象信息交换网络(各台回执收到资料后的明信片),并据此于1895年绘制了首张东亚地区的地面天气图,于1920年完成了西北太平洋620个台风路径图的整编.此外,徐家汇观象台于1884年创立的"风球旗语"台风预警体系,受到国际气象组织(International Meteorological Organization,IMO)认可和推荐,并在东亚沿海地区得到广泛应用(香港天文台自1884年开始使用直到2002年)[3].

The Northwest Pacific has the highest typhoon activity in the world,and is also one of the areas suffering the most severe typhoon disasters.In 1968,the U.N.Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific(UNESCAP)and the World Meteorological Organization(WMO)jointly established the UNESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee.The Committee seeks to strengthen cooperation in joint prevention against typhoons among countries in the region and to improve the capability of typhoon monitoring,forecasting,and early warning systems.As one of the founding members of the UNESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee,China has played an indispensable role in international cooperation in typhoon disaster prevention and mitigation and the development of the Committee in the Asia-Pacific region.This paper briefly summarizes China’s great contributions to the reform of the Typhoon Committee,typhoon naming rules,promotion of information sharing,and research and development of key technologies for typhoon monitoring,forecasting,and joint disaster prevention regionally.Especially in the past ten years(2009–2018),hosting the work of the Working Group on Meteorology of UNESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee,remarkable progress has been made in the fields of typhoon observation,scientific research,typhoon intensity analysis,development of the typhoon numerical prediction model system,coastal multi-disaster early warning standard operation procedure(SSOP),objective analysis of typhoon forecasting performance,benefit assessment of typhoon disaster prevention and mitigation,impact assessment of global climate change on typhoon activities,and so on.Initiated the international cooperation experiment of typhoon intensity change in coastal area(EXOTICCA),developed a new technique for typhoon observation that is based on dropsondes launched by long-distance rockets instead of research aircraft,and was successfully launched for the first time in the world into an offshore strong typhoon Mujigae(2015).To promote the technical cooperation and exchange of typhoon disaster prevention and mitigation regionally,China has established a discussion platform for real-time exchanges among typhoon forecasters and a professional international academic journal on typhoons under the name of UNESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee,the Tropical Cyclone Research and Review,the only one academic journal of UNESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee.This paper promotes China’s deep participation in international typhoon affairs,expanding international influence,and improvement of participation in global typhoon related disaster control.