从权利平等、机会平等到发展平等——基于我国倾斜性招生政策的分析

From Equal Rights and Equal Opportunities to Equal Development:An Analysis of China’s Preferential Policies for College Admissions

中华人民共和国成立以来,教育公平一直是我国教育政策制定与实施的价值基石。在高考招生政策中,伴随着70多年高等教育的蓬勃发展,政府推行过具有鲜明特征的倾斜性招生政策,实现了从权利平等、机会平等到发展平等的政策转变逻辑。特别是自2012年先后实施的国家专项计划、高校专项计划以及地方专项计划,构建了重点大学面向农村和贫困地区倾斜招生的公平性政策体系,标志着新时代党和国家着力发展更加公平更有质量的教育。与原有倾斜性招生政策相比,专项计划实现了三大转变,从照顾性政策向普惠性发展政策转变;从加分为主的分数型政策向拥有优质高等教育资源高等学校集中录取与培养的政策转变;从个体录取机制向大规模集体式的专项录取模式转变。未来要进一步精准人群定位,扩大招生高等学校,严保政策执行和关心学生成长,促使政策更好地惠及受助群体。

Since the founding of the PRC,educational equity has always been the value-oriented cornerstone of China’s educational policy formulation and implementation. With the prosperous development of higher education over the past 70 years,the Chinese government carried out preferential policies for college admissions,transforming the policies from equal rights and opportunities to equal development. In particular,since the National Special Admission Program,the Key University Admission Program and the Local Special Admission Program were carried out in 2012,a fair system of policies has been established for elite universities to enroll more students from rural and poverty-stricken areas,marking a new era when the Chinese government highlights the development of fairer and higher-quality education.Compared with the previous preferential admission policies,these new special programs make changes from a caring policy to a public-interest policy,from a score-based policy(awarding bonus points to students with exceptional abilities in sciences and sports)to a policy for centralized enrollment by colleges and universities housing high-quality higher education resources,and from a policy for enrollment of certain individuals to a policy for collective enrollment on a large scale. In the future,to help disadvantaged students,we need to target specially-fixed groups of students,increase universities which enjoy the right to carry out these new special programs,strictly implement these policies,and care for the development of the disadvantaged students enrolled according to these new special programs.