水肥一体化模式下不同施肥处理对沙地土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性的影响

Effect of Different Fertilization Treatments on Sandy Soil Physical and Chemical Properties and Soil Enzyme Activity under the Integrated Model of Water and Fertilizer

[目的]研究水肥一体化模式下不同施肥处理对沙地土壤理化性状及土壤酶活性的影响,筛选出最佳施肥量、施肥次数和水溶性肥料,既促进花生生产又减肥、节水、省工和增效,降低环境污染的同时促进农业的可持续发展。[方法]供试品种为阜花30,采用基础理论研究与应用技术研究相结合的方法,通过对沙地土壤进行不同氮肥施用量、不同底肥施用量、不同追肥施用量3组试验,共16个处理。花生收获后采集0~15、15~30 cm土层土样,对沙地特定条件下不同施肥措施的土壤生物学指标进行研究,主要测定土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶活性,以及土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷、全钾、速效钾等土壤养分。[结果]与不施肥的对照处理相比,长期施肥显著增加了沙地土壤有机质及氮、磷、钾养分含量,提高了土壤酶活性。沙地土壤有机质和速效磷含量明显提高,最高含量比对照组增加了2倍,其他养分含量增加0.5~1.2倍。沙地土壤脲酶活性变化显著,随施肥量增加酶活性呈上升趋势。沙地土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶活性变化不明显,但总整体来看第三组显著性更好。沙地土壤酶活性与土壤养分因子的相关性分析表明,蔗糖酶活性与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著正相关,与土壤有机质、全磷含量呈显著相关;脲酶活性与土壤有机质、速效磷、速效钾含量呈极显著正相关,与碱解氮含量呈显著负相关;过氧化氢酶活性与土壤速效磷含量呈极显著负相关。由于花生各生育期都有灌溉导致所施肥料淋溶,微生物、有机质分解等因素的影响,深层土壤各养分变化规律不明显。作物产量,第三组比第二组增产2%,比第一组增产27.6%。[结论]增施肥料不但可以改善沙地土壤物理性状,还能增强沙地土壤酶活性,并能促进作物增产。处理T16(肥料施用量为N 393.6 kg/hm^2+K 895.2 kg/hm^2)对土壤肥力以及提高作物产量有更好的促进作用。

[Objective]The effects of different fertilization treatments on soil physical and chemical properties and soil enzyme activities in sandy land were studied under the integrated model of water and fertilizer,and the optimum fertilization amount,times of fertilization and water-soluble fertilizer were selected.It not only promoted peanut production but also reduced fertilizer,saved water,saved labor and increased efficiency,reduced environmental pollution and promoted the sustainable development of agriculture.[Method]Fuhua 30 was the tested variety in this study,which combined basic theory research with applied technology research.Three groups of experiments were carried out on sandy soil with different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer,base fertilizer and topdressing,totaling 16 treatments.Soil samples of 0-15 and 15-30 cm were collected after peanut harvest.Soil biological indicators of different fertilization measures under specific conditions in sandy land were studied.Soil catalase,urease and invertase activities were determined,and soil nutrients such as organic matter,total N,alkaline hydrolysis N,total P,available P,total K and available K were determined.[Result]Compared with the control treatment without fertilization,long-term fertilization significantly increased the contents of C,N,P and K nutrients and enzymatic activities in sandy soil.The content of organic matter and available P in sandy soil increased significantly.The highest content of organic matter and available P in sandy soil increased by 2 times and other nutrients increased by 0.5-1.2 times compared with the control group.The activity of urease in sandy soil changed obviously,and increased with the increase of fertilizer application.The activities of catalase and invertase in sandy soil did not change significantly,but the third group was better overall.The correlation analysis between soil enzyme activity and soil nutrient factors showed that sucrase activity was positively correlated with soil available P content,and significantly correlated with soil organic matter,and total P content;urease activity was positively correlated with soil organic matter and available P and available K content,negatively correlated with alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content.There was a significant negative correlation between catalase activity and available phosphorus content in soil.Because of the leaching of fertilizer and the decomposition of microorganism and organic matter caused by irrigation in peanut growing period,the law of nutrients in deep soil was not obvious.Overall,crop yield in the third group was 2%higher than that in the second group and 27.6%higher than that in the first group.[Conclusion]Increasing fertilizer application can not only improve the physical properties of sandy soil,but also enhance the activity of soil enzymes in sandy land,and promote the increase of crop yield.Through this experiment,treatment T16(fertilizer application rate was N 393.6 kg/hm^2+K 895.2 kg/hm^2)had a better promoting effect on soil fertility and crop yield.