黔东土家族刻纸工艺的当代传承与文化变迁——以贵州思南县塘头镇张著权“百囍”刻纸工艺为个案

Contemporary Inheritance and cultural Change of Paper Carving Technology of Tujia Nationality in East Guizhou:A Case Study of Zhang Zhuquan’s Baixi Paper Carving Craftworks in Tangtou Town,Sinan County,Guizhou Province

黔东土家族刻纸工艺是流传于铜仁市思南县塘头镇一带土家族民众中的实用型传统工艺,在当地土家、苗、汉等民族的传统刺绣和婚庆等社会生活领域中均有广泛使用。近年来,受社会转型的影响,该技艺赖以生存的文化土壤遭到一定的破坏。但该技艺非遗传承人张著权先生另辟蹊径,在继承传统工艺的基础上经过不断发展和创新,创造出了以传统的婚喜文化为核心的、自成一体又独具风格的"百囍"刻纸艺术。"百囍"刻纸艺术的形成,极大地提高了土家刻纸艺术的知名度,丰富了土家刻纸的创作题材,提升了土家刻纸的工艺水平,更为当下我们"重拾工匠精神"树立了典范。同时,张著权的学习、成长与创新之路,也为我国少数民族传统刻纸工艺传承人的培养和工艺的创新提供了一个值得参考的个案。

The paper carving technology of Tujia Nationality in east Guizhou is a practical traditional technology which is popular among the Tujia people in Tangtou Town,Sinan County,Tongren City.It is widely used in the traditional embroidery,wedding and other social life fields of local Tujia,Miao,Han and other nationalities.In recent years,under the influence of social transformation,the cultural soil on which the art relies has been destroyed.However,Mr.Zhang Zuoquan,the inheritor of the intangible cultural heritage of this technique,has developed and innovated continuously on the basis of inheriting the traditional techniques,and created a"Baixi(hundred happiness)"paper carving art with the traditional marriage and happiness culture as the core,which is self-contained and unique.The formation of"Baixi"paper carving art has greatly improved the popularity of Tujia paper carving art,enriched the creative themes of Tujia paper carving,improved the technological level of Tujia paper carving,and set a model for us to"regain the spirit of craftsman".At the same time,the way of learning,growth and innovation of Zhang Ziquan also provides a case for the cultivation of inheritors and innovation of traditional paper carving technology of ethnic minorities in China.