“官法同构”视域下的元朝五府官

A Special Prison-checking System in the Yuan Dynasty Called Wufuguan in the Perspective of the Same System Construction in Administrative System and Legal System in Ancient China

“官法同构”是中国古代官制的一种基本建构模式,其特征是因事设官,因官立法。元朝五府官制度反映了这一建构模式。五府官是元朝“约会”制的一种特殊情况,一般由元朝中央五个最重要的部门——中书省、枢密院、御史台、大宗正府、刑部组成,以联合司法审判形式审决重案囚犯,解决滞狱问题,是对元朝常规司法制度的一种重要补充。经过一系列实践后,元朝五府官在元顺帝后至元元年开始制度化,但因种种弊端,不久即罢。尽管存在时间不长,但它对明朝三法司制度产生了重要的影响。

The same system construction in administrative system and legal system in ancient China is a basic construction model in ancient Chinese bureaucratic establishment.Administrative system is set up according to the need of state affair management,legal system is established according to the need of official governance.The Wufuguan was set up according to such model and provided some introspection back to it.The Wufuguan was a special date in Yuan dynasty,generally it was made up of five most powerful departments in central government:Central Secretariat,Privy Council in ancient China,Censorate,Central judicial authority called Dazongzhengfu and the Ministry of Punishments in feudal China.At the beginning the Wufuguan was set up to solve prolonged lawsuit.After practice,the Wufuguan turn an extra judicial supplement to a conventional system in Zhiyuan 1st,the emperor Shun Di.But soon it abolished.It influenced Division Three Methods in Ming Dynasty deeply although it existed a short time.