农村幼儿园教师文化生活历史变迁及其启示

The Historical Changes of Rural Kindergarten Teachers’Cultural Life in China and Its Enlightenments

以微观史学方法论为指导,以福建省13名不同历史时期的农村幼儿园教师为研究对象,对我国1950年以来农村幼儿园教师文化生活的追踪与梳理可以发现,个案教师的职前教育生活经历了从比较正规的简易师范到“一直劳动”的初级幼师、初中再到“文艺生活丰富多彩”的职高幼师、中大专幼师的变化,当前公办教师多为科班出身,民办教师多是跨行从业者。就教学生活来说,个案教师从来没有间断过“小学化”的分科教学,不过其活动组织在朝着更具整合性的方向发展,教学形式也更具童趣,尤其是公办教师的教学生活日渐多元化,“领域”“主题”“区域”三类活动并重。个案教师的职后培训最初主要是速成式的园本培训或社队培训,而后有了中等教师教育机构组织的“转正”“三科”“民师班”等培训,进入21世纪,国家各级教研机构与高等师范院校分工合作,提供了更为正规和系统化的职后培训,不过公办教师与民办教师的参训级别差异也越来越大。个案教师的休闲文化生活经历了从集体加班备课、参加文艺宣传活动到个人“看书读报”再到“自娱自乐”的晚会以及以网络为载体的个性化文化娱乐的变化,同时公办教师与民办教师的休闲活动也有了很大差异。就教师主观标准与感受来说,老教师始终以工作为重,年轻教师追求有品质的生活,民办教师的主观满意度高于公办教师。农村幼儿园教师的文化生活变迁是国家相关政策、地方文化、教师个人交际圈与个体特质等因素多维互动的结果。今后应关注农村幼儿园教师作为“整体人”的文化生活需要,缩小农村公办教师与民办教师的文化生活差距,选拔和培养具有合适心理特质的农村幼儿园教师。

Under the background of rural society and culture becoming increasingly desolate,the cultural nourishment of rural children is increasingly dependent on rural kindergarten teachers.Guided by the methodology of micro-history,this study uses the life history of 13 rural kindergarten teachers in different historical periods in Fujian Province as a clue to sort out the historical changes and its background of rural kindergarten teachers’cultural life since 1950.The research finds out that:The general changing trend of rural kindergarten teachers’cultural life is the continuous improvement of educational level,the diversification of teaching life,the increasingly high quality of post-service training,and the increasingly distant leisure cultural life from rural life;we should pay more attention to the teachers who joined the teaching profession before 1976,who have always been“working hard”,but some of them live an unhappy life even they have made an outstanding success in their career;and the teachers in the new century have pursued a complete quality cultural life.It is particularly noteworthy that the current cultural gap between public and private teachers in rural areas is gradually highlighted.The change of teachers’cultural life is the result of multi-dimensional interaction among historical factors,community space,interpersonal circle and teachers’individual traits.It is necessary to pay attention to the cultural life of rural kindergarten teachers as“whole people”,narrow the“gap”of the differences in the cultural life of rural public and private kindergarten teachers,and select and train rural kindergarten teachers with appropriate psychological characteristics.