政策视角下新中国养老服务体系发展历程

The Development Process of Pension Service System since the Founding of New China from the Perspective of Policy

本研究运用政策视角,兼顾政策文本与政策制定背景对新中国成立以来的我国养老服务体系发展历程进行梳理。将其梳理为五个阶段:一是1949-1977年,以机构收养为主要手段,在城市以社会救济为主要方式,在农村以"五保"老人为对象的起步时期;二是1978-1999年,以机构建设为重心,以公建公营为主要方式,并开始探索社会化的初步发展时期;三是2000-2012年,以社会化为主要特点,将居家和社区养老纳入视野的快速发展时期;四是2013-2018年,由重机构建设向重服务转变,由重机构向重居家与社区转变,着力结构调整的新的转型时期;五是2019开始的针对重点、难点、堵点问题的精准化推进时期。

Taking into account the policy text and policy-making background,this study depicts the development process of the pension service system since the founding of New China from the perspective of policy.It has five stages:(1)the start-up period from 1949 to 1977,featured by institutional adoption,taking social relief as the main way in urban areas and"Five Guarantees"for the elderly in rural areas;(2)the early development period from 1978 to 1999,focusing on institution building,taking public construction as the main way,and starting to explore socialization;(3)the fast development period from 2000 to 2012,characterized by socialization,introducing home-based and community-based erderly care into the system;(4)transforming period from 2013 to 2018,emphasizing on the new structural adjustment,from institution building to service,and from institutions to home and community;(5)the period since 2019 as the promotion of precision,focusing on key problems and difficulties.