马克思的“人的形象”理论及其对构建中国人权话语体系的启示

Karl Marx’s“Human Image”Theory and Its Inspiration to the Construction of China’s Human Rights Discourse System

"人的形象"问题是人权话语体系构建必须首先解决的问题。当代中国人权话语体系的构建应以马克思主义人权思想为理论基础。马克思首先解构了启蒙人权话语所塑造的"普遍的个人"这一"人的形象",将其还原为现实的市民即资产者,并阐明了超越启蒙人权话语的必要性与必然性。在"人的解放"这一宏大图景中,马克思重新勾画了"人的形象"。马克思关于"人的形象"问题的阐述,对于构建新时代中国特色社会主义人权话语具有重要的启示意义。"人民"或许正是新时代中国特色社会主义人权话语对"人的形象"的表达。基于马克思对于"人的形象"及其主体性的论述来理解,"人民"概念应指向个人与集体的现实的、有机统一,同时"人民"也是一个存在着明确的语义重心的广泛性概念,即要求在"创造者"的意义上实现其主体地位。

The issue of"human image"is the first concern in the construction of human rights discourse system.The contemporary Chinese human rights discourse system should take Marxism human rights thought as a theoretical basis.Marx first deconstructed the"universal individual",the"human image"created by the human rights discourse of enlightenment,reduced it to the real citizen,the capitalist,and clarified the necessity and inevitability of transcending the human rights discourse of enlightenment.In the great picture of"human liberation",Marx redefined"human image".Marx’s elaboration on the issue of"human image"is of great significance to the construction of human rights discourse of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era."People"may be the very expression of"human image"in the human rights discourse of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era.From the perspective of Marx’s discussion on"human image"and its subjectivity,the concept of"people"should lead to the realistic and organic unity of individuals and collectives.At the same time,the notion of"people"is also a broad concept with a clear semantic focus,which requires the realization of its subjectivity in the sense of"creators".