国内外防治土地荒漠化与生态修复研究综述

Domestic and Overseas Review of Land Desertification Control and Ecological Restoration

防治土地荒漠化以及进行生态修复是实现全球范围内生态环境可持续发展的重要研究内容。本文论述了国内外荒漠化防治和生态修复的发展历程、理论体系、防治机制与实践研究,对荒漠化治理与生态修复的管理措施、生物措施和工程措施进行梳理与总结,期望对未来的研究和实践提供依据和发展方向。

Urban development has a great impact on geochemical and physical processes.Ecological security and healthy development of ecosystems have become major problems in the development of human society.With the rapid development of economy and society,people pay more and more attention to the living environment.As an important factor that threatens human existence and sustainable development in the 21st century,desertification has drawn great attention from all countries in the world.How to mitigate and control desertification more effectively has become the focus of international ecological and environmental research.Worldwide,about 25 percent of available land is highly degraded.Desertification,as an important factor threatening human survival and sustainable development in the 21st century,will lead to the loss of biodiversity,threatened food security and other adverse effects,which has attracted great attention from countries around the world.Controlling desertification and carrying out ecological restoration is an important research content to realize the sustainable development of ecological environment in the global scope,which is the focus of current international research in the field of ecology and environment.This paper summarized the development of desertification control and ecological restoration at home and abroad.The United Nations consider the Convention to Combat Desertification as legally binding international agreement to link environment and development and the sustainable land management.The 197 parties specifically address the most vulnerable ecosystems and the people living in them in the dryland environment and expect to work together to achieve environmentally and ecologically sustainable development.Under the guidance of the United Nations Convention to combat desertification,Europe and North America have carried out practical exploration on ecological restoration of their respective environmental problems,including the establishment of information and monitoring systems for economic and social factors in desertification and drought-sensitive areas;preventing and controlling land degradation through conservation,afforestation and reforestation measures;developing comprehensive development projects aimed at poverty alleviation in desertification sensitive areas;establishing integrated research projects to combat desertification and integrating them with national development plans and national environmental plans;establishing drought prevention and drought self-help systems in drought-prone areas;encouraging public participation and environmental education with an eye to desertification control.In Africa,strategies include changes in land policies and farming practices,reducing agriculture-related desertification,and promoting more scientific ecological restoration practices through education.In view of the continuous degradation of ecosystem and serious desertification of land,the related action plan of desertification control and ecological restoration in Australia focuses on the aspects of introduction of development concept,formulation of laws and regulations,planning and implementation of technology.Also,this paper reviewed the research and practice of desertification control and ecological restoration in China from the following three aspects:theoretical system,prevention mechanism and practice research.It also summarized technical measures of desertification control and ecological restoration system,including natural vegetation restoration technology and artificial vegetation restoration technology.Among them,the natural vegetation restoration technology mainly refers to the fence sealing technology,which is an important method for vegetation restoration and protection of natural vegetation in dry and semi-dry areas.In other words,in the areas where the original vegetation is damaged or where the vegetation can grow,the enclosure fence is used to close the desertification grassland and human activities such as prohibiting mowing and grazing,so as to gradually restore the natural vegetation and improve the productivity of the grassland.The artificial vegetation restoration technology includes the technology of flying planting afforestation,the technology of native vegetation construction,the technology of compound vegetation planting,the technology of soil improvement,the technology of sand barrier construction and so on.Artificial vegetation restoration refers to the transformation of the degraded environment,the establishment of vegetation reconstruction models of different types of degraded land,and the construction of a harmonious landscape between artificial and natural.It has been nearly a century since the research on land desertification control,and ecological restoration was carried out at home and abroad.But in general,there are many kinds of desertification control modes and methods,and there is no unified standard.However,most of the existing researches on desertification control are limited to small scale and specific plots and fail to be applied comprehensively in large scale desertification areas.The research on desertification control in large scale areas and the exploration of a desertification control model that can be implemented and widely used are the difficulties of current desertification research and the key direction of future research.Prevention and control of desertification and its future will pay more attention to the assessment of the global and regional desertification situation in research,monitoring and control mode,and the desertification of land transformation combined with the recovery of land productivity,forms a complete management system.The practice of biodiversity protection and low carbon emissions should give attention to two or more things multi-objective complex development for the protection of resources,in order to realize the unity of the ecological,economic and social benefits.