摘要
【目的】为探究氮肥减量后移对高原粳稻产量及群体质量的影响,并为水稻氮肥减量施用提供依据。【方法】选用常规粳稻品种会粳17号和楚粳28号为材料,设置不同氮肥用量及运筹处理,分别为CF(当地常规施氮模式,折合纯氮270kg/hm^2,基肥、分蘖肥、促花肥、保花肥用量之比为5∶5∶0∶0)、RPN1(较CF减10%,3∶3∶2∶2)、RPN2(较CF减20%,2.5∶2.5∶2.5∶2.5)、RPN3(较CF减30%,0∶2∶5∶3)、RPN4(较CF减40%,0∶0∶6∶4)和CK(不施任何肥料的空白区)共6个处理,研究了水旱轮作(大蒜-水稻、烤烟→水稻)条件下氮肥减量后移对水稻生长发育、群体质量和产量的影响。【结果】空白区水稻产量两年均高于8 t/hm^2,施氮后,产量显著增加;与CF处理相比,随着氮肥减量和后移比例的增加,水稻产量和氮肥农学利用效率逐渐增加,纯氮用量最少(162 kg/hm^2)且全部后移至穗肥(m促花肥∶m保花肥=6∶4)施用,其产量最高,增产20%以上,氮肥农学利用率从低于10 kg/kg提高到20 kg/kg以上。氮肥减量后移使稻穗分化期延长,并形成抽穗期功能叶较长、叶长序数(由上而下)为2-3-1-4,高效叶面积率达80%以上,叶面积适宜的高光效群体,促进颖花分化攻取大穗。同时,成穗率提高,具有较高的群体生长率和抽穗后干物质积累量,构建了水稻高质量群体。【结论】通过氮肥用量及施用比例的优化,能有效减少稻田氮肥施入,提高云南粳稻产量和氮肥利用率。其中,水稻季不施入基蘖肥,供应氮素全部用作穗肥投入最少,产出最多。
【Objective】The objective is to study the effect of reducing and postponing nitrogen application from earlier stage to later stage on population quality and yield,and to improve the nitrogen utilization efficiency for japonica rice on paddy-upland crop rotation in Yunnan Province.【Method】With two conventional japonica rice varieties(Huijing 17 and Chujing 28)as materials,a field plot experiment was carried out at six nitrogen application levels(270 kg/hm^2,243 kg/hm^2,216 kg/hm^2,189 kg/hm^2 and 162 kg/hm^2 with the corresponding basal,tillering,spikelet-promoting and spikelet-sustaining nitrogen ratios of 5:5:0:0,3:3:2:2,2.5:2.5:2.5:2.5,0:2:5:3,0:0:6:4,0:0:0:0).【Result】The yield,over 8 t/hm^2 at zero nitrogen fertilizer level in 2016 and 2017,increased significantly with rising nitrogen application level.As compared with conventional fertilization treatment(270 kg/hm^2 and 5:5:0:0),with the increasing ratio of spikelet-promoting fertilizer while reduced total nitrogen application rate,an increasing trend was observed in yield and nitrogen agronomic efficiency.The optimum treatment was a reduction of 40%in nitrogen application rate.With the reduction of nitrogen application rate,the yield increased by more than 20%and the nitrogen agronomic efficiency increased from less than 10 kg/kg to more than 20 kg/kg.After reducing and postponing nitrogen application from earlier stage to later stage,the period of young panicle differentiation was prolonged.With longer functional leaves,the ordinal number of leaf length from the top of 2-3-1-4,the efficient leaf area ratio more than 80%,and appropriate leaf area index at full heading stage,the high photosynthetic efficient population formed,which promoted the differentiation of spikelets.At the same time,the panicle-bearing tiller percentage increased,with a higher population growth rate and dry matter accumulation after heading.【Conclusion】Optimizing the nitrogen fertilizer management can effectively reduce the application amount of nitrogen fertilizer in paddy field and improve grain yield and the utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer of japonica rice in Yunnan.Among them,spikelet-promoting nitrogen fertilizer application with zero basal-tiller fertilizer in the rice growing season required the least input but generated the most output.
作者
夏琼梅
胡家权
董林波
钱文娟
何永福
李贵勇
龙瑞平
朱海平
杨从党
XIA Qiongmei;HU Jiaquan;DONG Linbo;QIAN Wenjuan;HE Yongfu;LI Guiyong;LONG Ruiping;ZHU Haiping;YANG Congdang(Institute of Food Crops,Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Kunming 650205,China;Qiling District Agricultural Technology Extension Center,Qujing 655000,China;Yuezhou Township Integrated Agricultural Station,Qujing 655000,China)
出处
《中国水稻科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2020年第3期266-277,共12页
Chinese Journal of Rice Science
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2017YFD0300100,2016YFD0300506)
国家水稻产业技术体系重点项目(CARS-01-07B)。
关键词
粳稻
氮肥减量后移
产量
群体质量
japonica rice
reduce and postpone nitrogen application to later stage
grain yield
population quality