印度古代文学中“女神为妻”婚姻模式嬗变研究

The Transmutation of the Nuptial Practice of“Marrying Goddess”in Ancient Indian Literature

在印度古代文学史上,"女神为妻"婚姻模式的形成有着漫长的发展演变历史,可以分为雏形、成形和定型三个阶段。该模式在吠陀时期(前1500-前500年)已具雏形,为国王与女神的夫妻关系做了铺垫;史诗时期(前4-后3世纪)成形,为"女神为妻"融入帝王婚姻奠定了基础;梵语古典文学时期(公元1-12世纪)定型,确定了大地女神和吉祥女神与君王的婚恋关系,经过马鸣和迦梨陀娑的加工改造,该模式成为梵语古典文学中一大写作程式,在"英雄喜剧"类作品中尤其凸显。此后,涉及帝王传记或传奇故事的梵语文学作品和铭文均沿袭了此种婚姻模式。蕴藏于"女神为妻"婚姻模式中的王权女性化及其性情的构想,与印度先民的神话传说、宗教信仰、王权观念、审美情趣均有关联。

In the history of ancient Indian literature,the nuptial practice of"marrying goddess"has gone through a long history of development and evolution,which could be largely divided into three--embryonic,fledgling and maturing--stages.Such a practice had already been embryonic during the Vedic period(1500-500 BC),laying the foundation of the marital bond between king and goddess.During the Epic period(400 BC-300 AD),the practice was at its fledgling stage,incorporating the ritual of"marrying goddess"into king’s marriage.It became formally defined during the classical period of Sanskrit literature(100-1200 AD),hence establishing the king’s marital relationship with the goddess of earth and the goddess of fortune.Thanks to the modification and improvement by A?vagho?a and Kālidāsa,this practice has become a major writing formula in the classical Sanskrit literature,especially in"heroic comedy"works.Since then,the Sanskrit literary works and inscriptions related to imperial biographies or romances have carried on this nuptial practice all along.The feminization of the kingship and the imagination of the king’s disposition metaphorized by the practice of"marrying goddess as wife"corresponded to the myths,legends,religious beliefs,views of kingship,and aesthetic tastes of the Indian ancestors.