哈罗德·布鲁姆的“世界文学”观

Harold Bloom’s View of World Literature

布鲁姆的"世界文学"观萌芽于20世纪八、九十年代。在作品/文本层面,他认为,世界文学意味着一种泛化的、经典性的文本;在模式/机制层面,他一方面从其误读理论出发,探掘文本之间的世界性"影响"、"误读"机制,另一方面,在后期的经典普及和大众美育中,他积极推动文学的"世界文学化",使文本的"世界文学性"得到进一步提升。同时,他还特别重视翻译在世界文学建构过程中的重要作用。而从内在意涵上讲,通过对布鲁姆的世界文学文本目录和话语分析,可以确证其"世界文学"观具有突出的西方中心主义倾向。其"西方独白,东方失语"的"世界文学"图景既破坏了世界文学生态多样性与平衡性,危及了东西方文化与社会和谐,又抹煞了东方文化在西方文化建构中之重要作用。"美国"、"美学"、"莎士比亚"构成了布鲁姆世界文学观的核心和架构。其关于中国文学世界化过程中翻译问题的论述,对当下中国文学的全球化传播与世界性建构具有重要的指导意义。

Harold Bloom’s view of world literature originated between the 1980 s and 1990 s. In his critical and editorial work on literary texts, he asserted that world literature included both generalized works and classic texts. In his studies of literary patterns and correlations, he relied on his "theory of misreading" in exploring the mechanism of the worldwide "influence" and "misreading" between different texts on the one hand and, on the other, actively promoted the "cosmopolitanism" of literature in his later push for the popularization of classics and the aesthetic education of the populace, thus further enhancing the "cosmopolitan literariness" of texts. Meanwhile, he placed a very high value on the significance of translation in the construction of world literature. However, an analysis of the implication from his proposed booklist of and comments on world literature may reveal a clear tendency of Eurocentrism in his view on world literature. The picture he painted for "world literature," the one with "the West monologue and the East aphasia," not only harmed the diversity and equilibrium of the literary ecology in the world and the cultural and social harmony between the West and the East, but also obliterated the important role of Eastern culture in the construction of Western culture. Three elements, namely, "America", "aesthetics" and "Shakespeare," constitute the core and framework of Bloom’s view on world literature. His discussion on issues concerning the role of translation in the globalization of Chinese literature has guiding significance to the current global outreach and internationalization of Chinese literature.