先秦两汉药膳简史

A Brief History of Medicinal Diet in the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties

基于目前可见的先秦两汉时期相关文献,探索药膳发展源流,并厘清这一时期“药膳”的概念与范畴。结论是:出土医方中药膳方比例以及医方使用食药的比例随历史发展而呈降低趋势;时代最早的马王堆医方所使用材料不拘药食,而以食药兼用品种占绝对优势;先秦两汉后期出土的一系列文献医方以及《伤寒论》《金匮要略》所载仲景方中,药膳方仍占一定比例,并且均使用了较多食药。由这3条史实可以推断:除少数有毒或药性强的品种和经常作为食物的品种外,早期先民对于“药”和“食”的认识是没有明显界限的,没有现代大众对于“药”与“食”不相容性的固有分别。

Based on the relevant literature of the Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties,this paper explores the origin of the development of medicinal diet,and clarifies the concept and category of medicinal diet in this period.The conclusion is that:the proportion of medicinal diet prescription and proportion of food medicine used by doctors in the unearthed prescriptions decrease with the development of history;in the earliest Mawangdui medical prescriptions,the materials used were not limited to medicine food,but the varieties of food medicine were dominant;in a series of documents and prescriptions unearthed in the late Pre-Qin and Han Dynasties and Zhongjing prescriptions in Shanghan Lun and Jinkui Yaolue,medicinal diet prescriptions still account for a certain proportion,and they all use many food medicine.From these three historical facts,it can be inferred that,except for a few poisonous or strong property medicine and varieties often used as food,there was no obvious boundary between the early ancestors'understanding of"medicine"and"food",and there was no inherent difference between the incompatibility of"medicine"and"food"among the modern public.