論西夏佛教之漢藏與顯密圓融

On the Integration of Chinese,Tibetan,Exoteric,and Esoteric Buddhism during the Period of the Tangut Xia Kingdom

本文通過對《大乘要道密集》收録的"大手印"傳軌文本,黑水城出土文獻《持誦聖佛母般若多心經要門》、《欲護神求修》與《四字空行母記文》四種漢文藏傳佛教文本的分析,披露西夏時代所傳藏傳密教所附帶的明顯的漢傳佛教和顯宗佛教成分。同時,本文試圖展現在西夏時代,傳譯者們努力讓一個本來對於漢傳佛教徒來説陌生迥異的藏傳密教儀軌變得相對容易理解和接受,這些均反映出了西夏佛教具有漢藏和顯密兩種佛教傳統交融的特色。

This paper aims to shed light upon the conspicuous elements of Chinese and Exoteric Buddhism found within Tibetan tantric Buddhist practices during the period of the Tangut Xia Kingdom via textual criticism of four Chinese texts of Tibetan tantric Buddhist rituals originating from the Tangut Xia. The finding proves that Chinese and Tibetan Esoteric Buddhism have the same origin,as well as that the Tibetan Esoteric Buddhist practices of the Tangut Xia Kingdom were partly influenced by Chinese Esoteric Buddhism. Also,it reveals the translation modifications through comparison of Chinese and Tangut texts that show how the Chinese Buddhists adopt the Tibetan Esoteric Buddhisttexts that they once found to be outlandish and confusing. This highlights the undoubtedly vigorous contributions made by Tangut Buddhist masters to the integration of Chinese,Tibetan,Exoteric,and Esoteric Buddhism,and illustrates how Tangut Buddhism in fact possesses the distinct characteristics of three different Buddhist traditions.