身份与职业:城乡关系视域中的“亦工亦农”(1958—1977)

Identity and Occupation:“Being Both Workers and Peasants”From the Perspective of Urban-Rural Relations(1958-1977)

内生于赶超型工业化战略的需要,人民公社时期的中国社会形成了城乡二元结构。这一结构存在许多内在张力:企业因生产任务增长对农村劳动力的需求、农民因城乡差距对“进城”的渴望、农业因人地矛盾和工业提取而滋长的“内卷化”问题等。对此,国家提出了“亦工亦农”的设想,为彼时的农业剩余人口提供向工业转移的制度化渠道,虽有其限度,但也在一定程度上缓解了社会主义国家消除城乡、工农差别的承诺与有限国家能力之间的矛盾,也为改革开放初期的“边缘革命”准备了条件。

Based on the need to accelerate its modernization strategy,a strict order regarding the separation of urban and rural administrations was implemented in Chinese society during the period of the People’s Communes.However,there were many internal tensions in this order:the need of enterprises for rural labor because of the increase in their production tasks,the peasants’desire to“enter the big cities”because of the urban-rural gap,and the crisis of agricultural“involution”because of the contradictions between the people and land and industrial deprivation.Therefore,China introduced the plan of“being both workers and peasants,”thus creating a systematic channel to transfer surplus agricultural laborers to the industrial sector.Although it had its limits,this separation moderated the contradictions between the promise of eliminating the urban-rural gap and the worker-peasant gap and the limited state capacity in a socialist country and it provided conditions for a“marginal breakthrough”during the early days of the reform and opening-up.