科学、尺度与治理移动性海洋物种的边疆

Science,scale and the frontier of governing mobile marine species

海龟有着复杂的生活史,在其漫长的生命期当中会进行大范围的迁徙,常常会穿越多个国家的专属经济区和国家管辖范围之外的区域。这种复杂性使人们难以“了解”海龟,并使管理海龟的现有国家和国家间机构的管辖权出现不匹配。本文考察了负责为国际自然保护联盟(IUCN)“濒危物种红色名录”评估海龟状况的科学家如何利用其科学专业知识使海龟变得具有可识别性,从而可以加以管理的,包括通过重新调整“红色名录”评估尺度规模过程,从而将全球性和区域性层级均包括在内。我们发现,在这一调整尺度规模的项目中,海龟科学家已创造了两个新的治理对象:有空间界限的“区域管理单元”和科学家自身,他们已经开始对自身及其围绕新的空间单元展开的工作进行整理归类,目的是在海洋保护方面取得进展。更广泛地说,国际自然保护联盟海龟“红色名录”评估程序这个事例将人们的注意力转向了科学和科学家们的工作,他们努力使海洋资源变得可以辨识,从而变得可以治理,即使有时他们会公然挑战由国家主导的监管机构或管辖空间的界限。

Marine turtles have complex life histories and make expansive migrations over their long lifetimes,often through multiple states’exclusive economic zones and areas beyond national jurisdiction.This complexity makes it difficult to“know”marine turtles and presents jurisdictional mismatches for existing state and inter-state bodies that govern turtles.This paper examines how scientists tasked with assessing marine turtles for the International Union for the Conservation of Nature(IUCN)Red List of Threatened Species have used their scientific expertise to make marine turtles legible for governance,including by rescaling the Red List assessment process to include both global and regional levels.We find that in this rescaling project,marine turtle scientists have created two new objects of governance:spatially bounded“regional management units”and the scientists themselves,who have begun to sort themselves and their work around the new spatial units in the interest of generating progress in ocean conservation.More broadly,the story of the IUCN Red List process for sea turtles turns attention to the work of science and scientists in making oceans resources legible,and therefore governable,even when they defy the boundaries of state-led regulatory bodies or jurisdictional spaces.