从虚词看古汉语句法的空间蕴涵性特质--与英语对比的视角

On the Spatiality of the Syntactic Structure in Old Chinese From the Perspective of Function Words in Old Chinese

汉语是空间性特质突出型语言,在句法层面,表现在强大的空间性蕴含句法并列关系,后者蕴含逻辑义(语法义),三者呈现蕴涵式(?表示蕴含):空间块状性?句法并列关系?隐性语法义(逻辑义)。在古汉语句法中,通过单个虚词如"之""者""也""乃""则"和连用虚词结构引领如"每……辄""乃……则"引领的句子中,句法上是并列关系,语法义和逻辑义呈隐含状态。汉语总体上属于并联型语言。而英语中并列句法和从属句法并重,总体上呈现蕴涵式:时间性特质?并列句法和从属句法?显性语法义(逻辑义)。

This paper, taking as the point of departure the definition of sentence in such traditional grammar books as Mashiwentong, points out that it is untenable to use the definition and analytic methods of sentence in the western grammar to analyze Chinese sentence. By means of analyzing the function-word-led sentences(mainly structural auxiliary words and conjunctions such as zhi, zhe, ye, nai and ze) and frame-function-pair-led sentences(such as mei...zhe and nai...zhe) in Old Chinese, it finds that coordination is the prominent means in Old Chinese sentences and grammatical(logical) meanings are implicit. Old Chinese belongs to chaining-type language. There runs the following implicature-chain in Old Chinese sentence(?stands for "implicate"):Spatiality ? syntactic coordination ? implicit grammatical(logical) meaning. It is interpreted as: grammatical(logical) meanings are implicit in coordinated syntactic structures in function-word-led sentences in Old Chinese and coordinated syntactic structures embodies or is governed by spatiality block property.