比例原则视角下股权对外转让合同的效力认定

Determination of the Validity of External Equity Transfer Contract from the Perspective of the Principle of Proportionality

经搜集分析股权对外转让合同效力认定的司法判例发现,“合同有效说”渐成共识,《全国法院民商事审判工作会议纪要》虽已统一“合同原则有效”的裁判精神,但仍未释明法院释法说理的裁判逻辑。因立法漏洞和股权性质的特殊性,法官难以直接援用区分原则。股东优先购买权具有公示性和人合利益的不可替代性,但股东先买权的权源不能支持合同无效的结论。通过“比例原则”继续检视,“肯定转让合同效力+否定股权变动效力”方案既能维护有限责任公司人合性,又能最小限度地损害转让股东与第三人的契约自由和交易安全,从而使得制度效益大于制度成本。故需从现行立法出发,重新厘清《公司法》第七十一条的规范功能与性质,以合同履行不能的规则限制股权变动,以期最终达到“合同有效说”在立法论和解释论上的证成。

By collecting and analyzing the judicial precedents of the validity of external equity transfer contract,it is found that“contract is generally valid”gradually becomes a consensus,but it is still ambiguous in the interpretation of the law.Due to the legislative loopholes and the nature of equity,it is difficult for judges to directly quote distinction principle.The preemptive right of shareholders has the nature of publicity and its interests are irreplaceable,so it shall legally have external effectiveness.However,it does not necessarily negate the validity of the equity transfer contract.Based on the“the principle of proportionality”,the“valid transfer contract+negating equity transfer”can not only maintain the personal nature,but also minimize damage of contractual freedom and transaction security between the transfer shareholders and third parties,so as to make the system efficiency greater than the cost.Therefore,based on the current legislation,we should re-clarify the function and nature of Article 71 of the Company Law,and restrict the change of equity by the rules of contract performance,so as to achieve the theoretical justification verdict that“contract is generally valid”.