美国材料基因组倡议实践简述

Practice of U.S.Materials Genome Initiative

"材料基因组倡议"是由美国前总统奥巴马宣布启动的跨部门研发倡议,旨在开创政策、资源和科研基础设施的新时代,将先进材料的发现、开发、制造和使用所需周期缩短一半,并大幅降低新材料研发成本。本文简述了该倡议的具体内容及其实践,包括由国家科学技术委员会牵头和多个联邦部门参与的管理机制、四大战略目标、九个关键领域、二十二项政策措施、各部门资助的主要研发计划、典型成果以及特朗普政府相关动向等,并对该倡议的成效进行简要评述。

The Material Genome Initiative is a cross-sector R&D initiative announced by former US President Barack Obama.It aims to create a new era of policy,resources and research infrastructure,to halve the cycle of discovery,development,manufacture and deployment of advanced materials,and to greatly reduce the R&D cost of new materials.This article briefly describes the content and practice of the Initiative,including management mechanism led by the National Science and Technology Council and involving many federal departments,4 strategic goals,9 key areas,22 policy measures,major R&D plans funded by various departments,typical outcomes and relevant activities under the Trump administration,as well as a brief review of the effectiveness of the initiative.