晚年列宁的最后构想——全面深化改革的重要源头活水

Lenin’s Final Conception in His Later Years: An Important Springhead of the Comprehensively Deepening Reform

列宁最后的三封书信和五篇文章,是一个特殊的文本群,蕴含着他关于落后俄国走向社会主义、建设社会主义特殊道路的最后构想,中心是提出了经济、政治、文化三位一体的系统改革思想。其中,《日记摘录》提出了根本改变俄国文化落后状况的"文化革命"纲领;《论合作社》则在经济上提出走向"以市场为基础"的新经济政策道路后,要通过合作制这座桥梁把千百万小农引上社会主义建设大道上来,可以说提出了不同于后来苏联模式的合作社会主义的"列宁模式";最后构想的重心,是三封书信加上两篇文章《我们怎样改组工农检查院》《宁肯少些,但要好些》,提出了与新经济政策道路成龙配套的政治制度、党和国家制度的改革构想,中心是把加强党的领导与人民监督制度相结合,为反对官僚腐败筑起新的长城。正是在这里,我们可以找到改革开放、中国特色社会主义尤其是全面深化改革,在马克思列宁主义思想史上的重要源头活水;而从中国改革开放,特别是从2013年十八届三中全会到2019年十九届四中全会的制度创新轨迹中,我们更可喜地发现,列宁最后构想在中国特色社会主义新时代的发展潮头。

Lenin’s last three letters and five articles formed a special group of texts, which contained his final conception about the backward Russia’s special road to socialism and the construction of socialism. Its center was to put forward his idea about thesystematic reform with the trinity of economy, politics and culture. In Excerpts from Lenin’s Diary(《日记摘录》), he put forward a program of "Cultural Revolution" to fundamentally change the backward situation of Russian culture.In On the Cooperatives(《论合作社》), he proposed that after taking the road to adopt the new "market-based" economic policy, they should lead millions of small farmers onto the road of socialist construction by means of the cooperative system. It can be said that this "Lenin model" of cooperative socialism was different from the later Soviet model. The focus of Lenin’s final conception was included in his three letters and two articles entitled How Shall We Reorganize the Workers’ and Peasants’ Supervisory Institute?(《我们怎样改组工农检察院》) and Less but Better(《宁肯少些,但要好些》). In these texts, he put forward his conception about the reform of the political system, the Party’s system and the state system, which were integrated with his approach to the new economic policy. Its center was to combine the strengthening of the Party’s leadership with the people’s supervisory system so as to build a new great wall against bureaucratic corruption. We can find out that the important sources of reform and opening up, socialism with Chinese characteristics, and especially the comprehensive deepening reform in the history of Marxist-Leninist ideology are all from Lenin’s final conception. Looking at China’s reform and opening up, and especially looking at the process of the institutional innovation from the Third Plenary Session of the 18 th CPC Central Committee in 2013 to the Fourth Plenary Session of the 19 th CPC Central Committee in 2019, we are even more pleased to find out that Lenin’s final conception has been developed in the new era of socialism with Chinese characteristics.