外来西方蜜蜂放蜂密度对云南罗平本地传粉蜂群落结构及物种多样性的影响

Effects of stocking density of alien Apis mellifera on the community structure and species diversity of native pollinating bees in Luoping,Yunnan,southwestern China

【目的】近年来随着交通条件的改善,每年有大量西方蜜蜂Apis mellifera蜂场从全国各地赶到云南放蜂。本研究旨在揭示西方蜜蜂这一外来蜂种对云南本地传粉蜂种类、数量及其物种多样性的影响。【方法】采用马来氏网收集、调查了云南省罗平县西方蜜蜂高放蜂密度试验点(鲁特和走马田)、中放蜂密度试验点(外纳和下阿列)和低放蜂密度试验点(马把和下庄科)共6个试验点包括山林生境和农田生境的本地传粉蜂群落结构;并对比分析了不同放蜂密度、不同生境下各试验点传粉蜂物种多样性指数(H′)、均匀度指数(J′)及丰富度指数(Dm)之间的差异。【结果】采集到的1715头本地传粉蜂隶属于10科53种,其中蜜蜂科(Apidae)、隧蜂科(Halictidae)和胡蜂科(Vespidae)为优势类群,东方蜜蜂Apis cerana和切淡脉隧蜂Lasioglossum excisum为优势种。在放蜂密度(试验点周围3 km范围内西方蜜蜂蜂群数量)为723~2750群这一变动范围内,各试验点本地传粉蜂物种数量、个体数量均随西方蜜蜂放蜂密度的增大而减少,物种多样性指数(H′)及丰富度指数(Dm)也相应降低,但西方蜜蜂放蜂密度对本地传粉蜂均匀度指数(J′)没有影响。此外,在相同放蜂密度下,山林生境的本地传粉蜂物种多样性均显著高于农田生境。【结论】云南罗平本地传粉蜂的群落结构及物种多样性受西方蜜蜂放蜂密度的影响,在放蜂密度从723~2750群这一变动范围内,放蜂密度越大,本地传粉蜂的个体数、物种数、多样性指数和丰富度指数越小。本研究结果为进一步研究合理控制西方蜜蜂放蜂密度以保护云南本地传粉蜂种的多样性提供了思路。

【Aims】In recent years,with the improvement of traffic conditions,a large number of Apis mellifera apiaries migrate from all parts of the country to Yunnan for beekeeping every year.This study aims to clarify the impact of stocking density of A.mellifera as an alien bee species on the species,quantity and species diversity of native pollinating bees in Yunnan,southwestern China.【Methods】The native pollinating bees were collected by Malaise traps and the community structure of native pollinating bees was investigated at six test sites including two sites(Lute and Zoumatian)with high stocking density of A.mellifera,two sites(Waina and Xiaalie)with medium stocking density and two sites(Maba and Xiazhuangke)with low stocking density in Luoping County,Yunnan Province.Each site has two habitat types,i.e.,wooded mountain habitat and farmland habitat.The differences of species diversity index(H′),evenness index(J′)and richness index(Dm)of native pollinating bees under different stocking densities of A.mellifera and different habitat types were compared and analyzed.【Results】In total 1715 individuals of native pollinating bees belonging to 53 species of 10 families were collected,among which Apidae,Halictidae and Vespidae were the dominant groups,and Apis cerana and Lasioglossum excisum the dominant species.In the range of stocking density(the number of A.mellifera colonies in an area with a radius of about 3 km around each test site)from 723 to 2750 honeybee colonies,the species number and individual number of native pollinating bees decreased with the increase of stocking density of A.mellifera,and the species diversity index(H′)and richness index(Dm)also decreased correspondingly.However,the evenness indices(J′)of native pollinating bees were not significantly affected by the stocking density of A.mellifera.In addition,the species diversity of native pollinating bees in wooded mountain habitats was significantly higher than that in farmland habitats.【Conclusion】The community structure and species diversity of native pollinating bees in Luoping,Yunnan are significantly influenced by the stocking density of A.mellifera.In the range of stocking density from 723 to 2750 honeybee colonies,the higher the stocking density of A.mellifera,the smaller the number of individuals,the number of species,diversity index and richness index of native pollinating bees.This study provides ideas for further research on the rational control of stocking density of A.mellifera in order to protect the species diversity of native pollinating bees in Yunnan.