中国农村土地使用现场的制度生成机制——基于隐性知识与形式知识的交汇

On the Institutional Generation Mechanism of Rural Land Use Sites in China:Based on the Intersection of Tacit Knowledge and Formal Knowledge

在中国农村土地管理领域中,国家治理现代化的重要表现是试图通过“形式知识”消除或改造农村社会的“隐性知识”;国家土地管理以边界化为特征的土地功能观、价值观和农作空间观等“形式知识”,冲击村民的土地功能统合观、模糊价值观和农作空间整体观等“隐性知识”,造成中国土地使用现场出现人地矛盾、土地纠纷和经济差距扩大等土地问题。为缓解社会矛盾,农村在处理违建、征地拆迁和土地空间分配现场不断出现利益调整和策略试错过程,“隐性知识”与“形式知识”达成相互交汇的共存状态;挖掘土地制度实践背后的共通机制,提出即事性的动态制度生成机制是中国行政组织应对复杂社会的治理技术,更是一种讲究权宜和动态平衡的治理艺术。

In the field of rural land management in China,an important manifestation of the modernization of state governance is an attempt to eliminate or transform the tacit knowledge of rural society through formal knowledge.The formal knowledge of land,such as functional concepts,values and farming space view in national land management,have impacted the villagers′tacit knowledge,such as land functional integration views,vague values and farming space view.As results,land problems such as conflicts between people and land,land disputes,and widening economic disparities have emerged at China′s land use sites.In order to alleviate social tension,interest adjustment and trial-and-error processes continue to occur at the sites of illegal construction,land acquisition,house demolition,and land space allocation.Tacit knowledge and formal knowledge have reached a coexisting state of mutual intersection.Digging through the common mechanism behind the practice of the land institution,institution emergence mechanism is not only the governance technology of Chinese administrative organizations to cope with complex societies,but also an art of governance that emphasizes expediency and dynamic balance.