高温车用燃料电池的发展及现状综述

Review on the development and present situation of high temperature vehicle fuel cell

燃料电池车以其能量转化效率高、绿色环保、噪音低等优点,被认为是替代传统化石能源汽车最有前景的新能源汽车。目前车用燃料电池的工作温度一般都低于80℃,低温的工作环境使其面临着诸多问题,如复杂的水管理和CO中毒等。通过提高质子交换膜燃料电池(PEMFC)的工作温度可以缓解这些问题,提高燃料电池的性能。然而,高温的工作环境也会对燃料电池带来诸多挑战,如膜脱水、催化剂团聚、冷启动速度缓慢等。要促进高温(90~120℃)车用燃料电池的快速发展,需要对其问题及解决方法进行分析。本文从电堆比功率、膜电极、双极板、进气方式、加湿方式等方面,介绍燃料电池的发展现状及存在的问题,包括Nafion膜和催化剂的热稳定问题、双极板的耐腐蚀问题、流道的气体分配问题、进气方式和加湿方式的优化以及冷启动问题。指出通过掺杂亲水性氧化物改善Nafion膜的高温性能;将Pt合金化及采用介孔炭提高催化剂的稳定性和电化学活性;镀层不锈钢金属双极板可以增强耐腐蚀性;3D流场等新型流场结构及提高进气温度、速度可以提高气体的均匀性;采用自增湿方式可以简化电堆结构等解决方法,以期对燃料电池车的进一步发展起到引导作用。

Fuel cell vehicle is regarded as the most promising new energy vehicle which can replace the conventional fossil fuel vehicle due to its high energy conversion efficiency,zero emission and low noise.At present,the operating temperature of fuel cell vehicle is lower than 80℃,which makes it face many problems,such as complex water management and CO poisoning.By increasing the operating temperature of PEMFC,these problems can be alleviated and the performance of fuel cells can be improved.However,some challenges are emerged during the operation in high temperature condition,such as membrane dehydration,catalyst agglomeration and slow cold start-up,therefore,it is necessary to analyze its problems and find solutions to promote the rapid development of high temperature fuel cell.In terms of specific power of stack,membrane electrode,bipolar plate,air intake method and humidification method,the article introduces the development status and existing problems of fuel cells,including thermal stability of Nafion membranes and catalysts,corrosion resistance of bipolar plates,gas distribution problems of flow field,optimization of air intake and humidification methods,and cold start problems.It is pointed out that the high temperature performance of Nafion film can be improved by doping hydrophilic oxides,Pt alloying and the use of mesoporous carbon can improve the catalyst stability and electrochemical activity,coated stainless steel metal bipolar plates can enhance corrosion resistance,new flow field structures such as 3D flow fields and increase of inlet temperature and velocity can improve gas uniformity,and self-humidification method can be used to simplify the stack structure to guide the further development of fuel cell vehicle.