摘要
Annual loss of crop yields due to agricultura I in sect pests are approximately 10%.Effective and safe management of insect pests would reduce the loss of crop production.In sects live in an environment where they need to deal with biological and non-biological factors that impact their physiological and developmental activities to survive and expand their population.These environmental factors in elude,but not limited to,phytochemicals in the host plants they feed on,toxic compounds,such as insecticides sprayed by human,parasitoid,microbes,temperature and drought stress.In the Ion g-term evolution,in sects have developed sophisticated strategies to adapt the harmful factors against them.For example,to feed on different host plants,in sects develop effective and comprehensive olfactory and gustatory receptor systems and detoxification enzyme systems to deal with the secondary toxic phytochemicals.These olfactory and gustatory receptor and detoxification enzyme systems contain multiple superfamilies of proteins and enzymes,such as cytochrome P450s,glutathione S-transferases(GSTs)and esterases,together to form multiple preventive and protection barriers along with the regulation and function of the endocrine systems,which synthesize and secrete hormones and neuropeptides circulating to the different target tissues and organs to guarantee the normal growth and development.On the other hand,in sects also adjust their feeding behaviors and metabolism pathways,as well as even the nutrient components in the host plants by cha nging the expression patter ns of related genes to promote the nutrie nt intake and utilization.In sects and their host plants ultimately establish a cooperative and antagonistic relationship during evolution.
