明代先医祭祀考述

Research on the System of Medical Sacrifice in Ming Dynasty

明代先医祭祀的命运颇显曲折,主要经历了两次重大转变:一是洪武四年,朱元璋出于维护道统、抬升儒学的需要,废黜了三皇通祀;二是嘉靖朝,因朱厚熜喜好、礼制改革、医学发展等因素的合力作用,先医复入祀典。明代先医祭礼既有对元代的延续,也呈现出一定的革新与变动。整体而言,明代先医祭祀的演变,除受政治影响外,背后也隐藏着儒学与医学的博弈,其变迁轨迹亦是医学地位从抬升到回归技艺的写照。

The fate of the first medical sacrifice in Ming dynasty was rather tortuous, which mainly went through two transition periods. In the first place, in the four years of Hong Wu dynasty, in order to maintain the Confucian orthodoxy and promote Confucianism, emperor Zhu Yuanzhang abolished the status of Tong si of the three emperors. In the second place, in the Jiajing dynasty, due to the combined effect of some personal reasons of the emperor Shizong, ritual reform and medical development, the first medicine was introduced into the sacrificial ceremony again. The first medical sacrificial ceremony of Ming dynasty extended to the Yuan dynasty, it also showed some innovations and changes. As a complete unit, the evolution of the medical sacrifice system was not only influenced by politics, but also hid the game between Confucianism and medicine, and its change trajectory is also a true portrayal of the status of medicine from rising to returning of the skills. This trajectory is worth pondering.