宋元明铺钱葬俗研究

The Funeral Practice of Placing Coins During the Song,Yuan and Ming Dynasties

铺钱葬俗盛行于宋元明时期,据放置方式及钱币数量,可分为散铺类、行列类、吉语类、北斗七星类、五星类、八卦洛书类。散铺类出现最早、延续时间最长,元代中晚期至明代则以行列类、北斗七星类、五星类、吉语类等为主。各类铺钱分别具有辟除妖邪、安宁亡者、稳定墓穴风水、保佑子孙平安富贵等作用。由早及晚,行用者身份由下层官吏、平民向皇室成员及功臣后裔转变;铺钱的性质不断复杂化,逐渐成为道教信仰为主,兼具堪舆术及佛教因素的葬俗。

The funeral practice of placing coins in the tomb prevailed during the Song,Yuan and Ming dynasties.The ways that coins were placed differed along the time.Coins were randomly placed when this practice emerged in the Song dynasty.This way of placement lasted for a long while.From the middle and late Yuan dynasty through the Ming dynasty the other ways–in which coins were placed in lines or in the forms of auspicious words,the Great Dipper,Five Stars,and the Eight Diagrams and Luo Shu–were in use.The functions of these different ways of placement include exorcising evil spirits,comforting the deceased,preserving the tomb fengshui,and bringing fortune to the future generations.This custom was practiced for the funerals of lower-rank officials and ordinary people in the early times but was gradually adopted by that of imperial family members and descendants of meritorious statesmen.With the further added complication into the connotation of this practice,it was gradually developed into a burial custom that is mainly based on Taoism but with traits of geomancy and Buddhism.