论唐宋落第诗词的流变

On the Variation of the Poetry of failure in Imperial Examination from the Tang to the Song Dynasties

落第诗词随科举制度产生而出现,在其发展的过程中又随其生态环境的变迁而变化,在不同时期呈现出不一样的时代风貌。初唐时期,科举选官制度初行于世,偶有落第诗出现。盛唐时期,赴举的考生人数逐年增加,落第人数也在扩大,落第诗数量增加。这一时期士人入仕途径仍然宽广,落第诗中表现出盛唐士人追求事业功名及战胜困难险阻的豪情。中晚唐时期,士人入仕途径逼窄,落第人数连年扩大,落第诗数量激增,诗歌中充满了落第的伤情。到宋代,科举录取的人数比唐代大为增加,选拔的程序也逐渐成熟完善,宋人在落第诗中表现出的态度比较客观和理性,呈现出与唐代落第诗不同的风貌。同时,曲子词在宋朝兴盛,宋人把落第的情绪写入词中。顺应文学自身的发展轨迹,落第词作为一种文学类型,随时代文学样式的新变应运而生。

The poetry of failure in imperial examination emerged with the imperial examination system, and varied in the course of the changes of its ecological environment, taking on different style and features. In the early Tang Dynasty, a small amount of poems of failure in imperial examination appeared. During the thriving Tang Dynasty, this kind of poems increased, showing the lofty sentiments and high aspirations of the intellectuals in this era. During the middle and late Tang Dynasty, it was harder for the intellectuals to enter the official circles,and the poems, filled with sadness of failure, emerged in large numbers. To the Song Dynasty, progressive improvement had been made in the imperial examination system, this kind of poems showed an objective and rational attitude of the intellectuals which differed from the feeling of intellectuals in the Tang Dynasty. Simultaneously, with the development of literature itself, the Song Ci poetry of failure in imperial examination emerged as the times required.