借鉴与自主:美国殖民地学院管理制度辨析

Reference and Autonomy:An analysis of the Management System of American Colonial Colleges

17世纪,美国学习欧洲大学,特别是英国中世纪大学,逐渐创立了一批殖民地学院,相应构建了高等教育管理制度。该管理制度是借鉴了欧洲中世纪大学管理制度基础上的实现了自我创新。其特色主要包括以董事会管理层为核心的非专业人员管理制度、自主设立学位的学位制度、办学资金来源多元化等。美国高等教育管理之所以形成美国特色,是由美国当初人才稀缺、宗教管理理念、多元化的资金来源等独特的政治、经济、宗教和文化因素决定的。该制度逐渐演化,现在支撑起美国规模巨大的高等教育体系。

In the 17th century,the United States learned from European universities,especially in Medieval England universities,and gradually established a number of colonial colleges,which accordingly established a higher education management system.Its characteristics mainly included the management system of non-professional personnel with the management of the board of directors as the core,the degree system of independent establishment of degrees,and the diversification of school funding sources.The management of higher education with American characteristics is determined by the unique political,economic,religious and cultural factors such as the scarcity of talents,religious management ideas,and diversified sources of funds.The system has evolved gradually and now supports the large-scale higher education system in the United States.